Antonina Nezhdanova |

Antonina Nezhdanova

Ubuciko bakhe obumangalisayo, obajabulisa izizukulwane ezimbalwa zabalaleli, sebuphenduke inganekwane. Umsebenzi wakhe uthathe indawo ekhethekile kumgcinimafa wokusebenza komhlaba.

“Ubuhle obuyingqayizivele, ukukhanga kwezinsimbi nokuzwakala, ubulula obuhle nobuqotho bokuphimisela, isipho sokuphindukuzalwa, ukuqonda okujulile nokuphelele kwenhloso nesitayela somqambi, ukunambitheka okungenakuphikiswa, ukunemba kokucabanga okucatshangwayo - lezi yizici. wethalente likaNezhdanova,” kuphawula uV. Kiselev.

UBernard Shaw, emangazwe indlela uNezhdanova acula ngayo izingoma zesiRashiya, unikeze lo mculi isithombe sakhe esibhalwe ukuthi: “Manje sengiyaqonda ukuthi kungani imvelo yanginika ithuba lokuphila ngize ngibe neminyaka engama-70 ubudala - ukuze ngizwe kahle kakhulu endalweni - uNezhdanova. .” Umsunguli weMoscow Art Theatre KS Stanislavsky wabhala:

"Othandekayo, omangalisayo, omangalisayo u-Antonina Vasilievna! .. Uyazi ukuthi kungani umuhle nokuthi kungani nivumelana? Ngoba uhlanganise: izwi elicwebezelayo lobuhle obumangalisayo, ithalente, umculo, ubuciko obuhle obunomphefumulo osemusha, omsulwa, omusha nongenangqondo. Ikhala njengezwi lakho. Yini engaba yinhle kakhulu, ithandeke kakhulu futhi ingenakuvinjelwa kunedatha yemvelo ekhaliphile ehlanganiswe nokuphelela kobuciko? Lokhu kwakamuva kukulahlekisele kanzima impilo yakho yonke. Kodwa asazi lokhu uma usimangaza kalula amasu, ngezinye izikhathi alethwe a Prank. Ubuciko nobuchwepheshe sekuyimvelo yakho yesibili yezinto eziphilayo. Ucula njengenyoni ngoba awukwazi ukuzibamba, ungomunye wabambalwa abazocula kamnandi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakho, ngoba wazalelwa lokhu. Ungu-Orpheus ogqoke ingubo yowesifazane ongasoze waphula ihabhu lakhe.

Njengomculi nomuntu, njengomthandi wakho nomngane wakho njalo, ngiyamangala, ngikhothame phambi kwakho futhi ngikukhazimulise futhi ngikuthande.

U-Antonina Vasilievna Nezhdanova wazalwa ngo-June 16, 1873 edolobhaneni laseKrivaya Balka, eduze kwase-Odessa, emndenini wothisha.

UTonya wayeneminyaka eyisikhombisa kuphela lapho ukuhlanganyela kwakhe ekwayeni yesonto kukhanga abantu abaningi. Izwi lale ntombazane lathinta izakhamuzi zakubo, ezathi ngokutusa: “Nali i-canary, nali izwi elipholile!

U-Nezhdanova ngokwakhe wakhumbula: "Ngenxa yokuthi emndenini wami ngangizungezwe indawo yomculo - izihlobo zami zazicula, abangani kanye nabantu engangibajwayele ababesivakashele nabo bacula futhi badlala kakhulu, amakhono ami omculo athuthuka ngokuphawulekayo.

Umama, njengobaba, wayenezwi elihle, inkumbulo yomculo kanye nokuzwa okuhle kakhulu. Ngiseyingane, ngafunda kubo ukucula ngizwa izingoma eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Lapho ngisengumdlali waseshashalazini eBolshoi Theatre, umama wayevame ukuya emidlalweni ye-opera. Ngosuku olulandelayo wahaya kahle izingoma ayezizwile emidlalweni ye-opera ngayizolo. Kwaze kwaba yilapho esemdala kakhulu, izwi lakhe lahlala licacile futhi liphakeme.

Lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, uTonya wadluliselwa e-Odessa futhi wathunyelwa ku-2nd Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium. Endlini yokuvivinya umzimba, wagqama ngokuphawulekayo ngezwi lakhe elimnandi. Kusukela ebangeni lesihlanu, u-Antonina waqala ukwenza yedwa.

Indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kukaNezhdanova yadlalwa umndeni womqondisi we-People's Schools VI Farmakovsky, lapho engatholanga khona ukwesekwa kokuziphatha kuphela, kodwa futhi nosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Lapho uyise eshona, u-Antonina wayesebangeni lesikhombisa. Ngokungazelelwe kwadingeka abe umgogodla womndeni.

KwakunguFarmakovsky owasiza intombazane ukuthi ikhokhele ibanga lesishiyagalombili le-gymnasium. Ngemva kokuphothula, u-Nezhdanova wabhaliswa esikhaleni samahhala njengothisha e-Odessa City Girls' School.

Naphezu kobunzima bokuphila, intombazane ithola isikhathi sokuvakashela i-Odessa yaseshashalazini. Washaywa umculi u-Figner, ukucula kwakhe okuhlakaniphile kwenza umbono omangalisayo kuNezhdanova.

“Kwaba ngenxa yakhe ukuthi ngaba nombono wokufunda ukucula lapho ngisasebenza njengothisha kwesinye sezikole zase-Odessa,” kubhala uNezhdanova.

U-Antonina uqala ukufunda e-Odessa nothisha wokucula u-SG Rubinstein. Kodwa imicabango ngokufunda kwelinye lama-conservatories enhloko-dolobha iza kaningi futhi iphikelela kakhulu. Ngenxa yosizo lukaDkt MK Burda girl uya St. Petersburg ukungena Conservatory. Nakhu ehluleka. Kodwa injabulo yamomotheka e-Nezhdanova eMoscow. Unyaka wokufunda eMoscow Conservatory usuqalile, kodwa uNezhdanova wahlolwa ngumqondisi we-Conservatory VI Safonov kanye noprofesa wokucula u-Umberto Mazetti. Bengikuthanda ukucula kwakhe.

Bonke abacwaningi kanye nababhali bempilo yabantu bavumelana ngazwi linye ekwaziseni kwabo isikole iMazetti. Ngokusho kuka-LB Dmitriev, "wayeyisibonelo sommeleli wesiko lomculo wase-Italy, owakwazi ukuzwa ngokujulile izici zomculo waseRussia, isitayela sokudlala saseRussia futhi wahlanganisa ngobuhlakani lezi zici zesitayela sesikole samazwi saseRussia nesiko lase-Italy. ukwazi kahle umsindo wokucula.

UMazetti wayazi indlela yokuvezela umfundi ingcebo yomculo yomsebenzi. Ephelezela abafundi bakhe ngobuhlakani, wabaheha ngokudluliswa okungokomzwelo kombhalo womculo, isimo sengqondo, nobuciko. Kusukela ezinyathelweni zokuqala, ukucula okunenjongo okudingayo nomsindo wezwi onombala ongokomzwelo, ngesikhathi esifanayo wanaka kakhulu ubuhle nokwethembeka kokwakheka kwethoni yokucula. “Cula kamnandi” kungesinye sezimfuno eziyisisekelo zikaMazetti.”

Ngo-1902, Nezhdanova iziqu Conservatory ngendondo yegolide, waba vocalist wokuqala ukuthola umehluko omkhulu kangaka. Kusukela ngalowo nyaka kuze kube ngu-1948, wahlala eyedwana neBolshoi Theatre.

Ngo-April 23, 1902, umgxeki SN Kruglikov: "I-debutante encane yenza njengo-Antonida. Isithakazelo esingavamile esivuswe ezilalelini ngumdlali we-novice actress, intshiseko umphakathi owawushintshana ngayo mayelana ne-Antonida entsha, impumelelo yakhe ewujuqu ngokushesha ngemva kokusebenza okuhlakaniphile, okulula kwe-aria yokuphuma, njengoba wazi, engokwakho kakhulu. izinombolo ezinzima zezincwadi ze-opera, zinikeza ilungelo lokuqiniseka ukuthi uNezhdanov unekusasa lesiteji elijabulisayo nelivelele.”

Omunye wabalingani abayintandokazi yomculi u-SI Migai uyakhumbula: “Njengomlaleli wemidlalo yakhe ewuchungechunge kaGlinka, kwangijabulisa ngokukhethekile. Endimeni ka-Antonida, isithombe sentombazane yaseRussia elula yakhuliswa nguNezhdanova ekuphakameni okungavamile. Yonke imisindo yale ngxenye yayigcwele umoya wobuciko bomdabu baseRussia, futhi wonke umusho wawuyisambulo kimi. Ngilalele u-Antonina Vasilievna, ngakhohlwa ngokuphelele ngobunzima bezwi le-cavatina "Ngibheka ensimini ehlanzekile ...", kangangokuthi ngajatshuliswa iqiniso lenhliziyo, elihambisana nokuphinyiswa kwezwi lakhe. Kwakungekho nesithunzi “sokushuna” noma umunyu ekudlaleni kwakhe uthando oluthi “Angikukhaleli lokho, zintombi”, olugcwele usizi oluqotho, kodwa alukho olukhuluma ngobuthakathaka bengqondo – ezenza indodakazi ka iqhawe elimpofu, umuntu wazizwa eqinile futhi ecebile yobungqabavu ”.

Ingxenye ye-Antonida ivula igalari yezithombe ezikhangayo ezidalwe nguNezhdanova kuma-opera abaqambi baseRussia: ULyudmila (Ruslan noLyudmila, 1902); Volkhov ("Sadko", 1906); Tatiana ("Eugene Onegin", 1906); I-Snow Maiden (i-opera yegama elifanayo, ngo-1907); Indlovukazi yaseShemakhan (I-Golden Cockerel, 1909); UMarfa (uMlobokazi weTsar, February 2, 1916); Iolanta (i-opera yegama elifanayo, January 25, 1917); The Swan Princess ("The Tale of Tsar Saltan", 1920); Olga ("Mermaid", 1924); Parasya ("Sorochinskaya Fair", 1925).

"Kuyo ngayinye yalezi zindima, umdwebi wathola izici ezingokwengqondo eziqondene nomuntu ngamunye, uhlobo lwangempela, ekwazi kahle ubuciko bokukhanya nombala nomthunzi, okuhambisana nesithombe sezwi ngomdwebo wesiteji otholakala ngokunembile, o-laconic futhi onekhono ngokuhambisana nokubukeka okuhle, imvunulo ecatshangelwe ngokucophelela,” kubhala uV. Kiselev. “Wonke amaqhawekazi akhe ahlanganiswe ubuhle bobufazi, ukulindela okuthuthumelayo kwenjabulo nothando. Yingakho u-Nezhdanova, ephethe i-lyric-coloratura soprano eyingqayizivele, wabuye waphendukela ezingxenyeni eziklanyelwe i-lyric soprano, njenge-Tatyana ku-Eugene Onegin, efinyelela ukuphelela kobuciko.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uNezhdanova wadala ubuciko bakhe besiteji - isithombe sikaMarta kuMlobokazi weTsar cishe phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe, ngo-1916, futhi akazange ahlukane nendima kwaze kwaba sekupheleni, kuhlanganise nesenzo esivela kuso ekugubheni kwakhe iminyaka engu-1933. .

I-lyricism yothando nokuzinza kwayo kwangaphakathi, ukuzalwa kobuntu ngothando, ukuphakama kwemizwa - itimu yawo wonke umsebenzi kaNezhdanova. Ekufuneni izithombe zenjabulo, ukuzidela kwabesifazane, ukuhlanzeka okuqotho, injabulo, umculi weza endimeni kaMarta. Wonke umuntu owezwa uNezhdanova kule ndima wanqotshwa ukunemba, ubuqotho obungokomoya, nobuhle beqhawekazi lakhe. Umdwebi, kubonakala sengathi, wayebambelele emthonjeni oqinisekile wogqozi - ukwazi kwabantu kanye nezinkambiso zabo zokuziphatha nezobuhle ezisungulwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Emikhumbulweni yakhe, uNezhdanova uyaphawula: “Indima kaMarta yaphumelela kakhulu kimi. Ngikuthatha njengokungcono kakhulu, indima yami yomqhele ... Esiteji, ngaphila impilo yangempela. Ngafunda ngokujulile nangokucophelela konke ukubukeka kukaMarta, ngacabanga ngokucophelela nangokubanzi wonke amagama, yonke ibinzana nokunyakaza, ngayizwa yonke indima kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni. Imininingwane eminingi ebonisa isithombe sikaMarfa ivele esiteji ngesikhathi sesenzo, futhi ukusebenza ngakunye kwaletha into entsha.

Izindlu ezinkulu ze-opera emhlabeni zaziphupha ngokungena ezinkontileka zesikhathi eside ne-"Russian nightingale", kodwa u-Nezhdanova wenqaba ukuhlanganyela okuthopha kakhulu. Kwaba kanye kuphela lapho umculi omkhulu Russian wavuma ukwenza esiteji Parisian Grand Opera. Ngo-April-May 1912, wahlabelela ingxenye Gilda e Rigoletto. Abalingani bakhe kwakungabaculi abadumile base-Italy u-Enrico Caruso noTitta Ruffo.

"Impumelelo kaNkk Nezhdanova, umculi ongaziwa eParis, ilingana nempumelelo yabalingani bakhe abadumile uCaruso noRuffo," kubhala umgxeki waseFrance. Elinye iphephandaba labhala: “Izwi lakhe, okokuqala nje, linokucaca okumangalisayo, ukwethembeka kwephimbo nokukhuluma okulula namarejista aphelele. Ube esekwazi ukucula, ebonisa ulwazi olujulile lobuciko bokucula, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo athinte izilaleli ezithinta inhliziyo. Bambalwa abaculi esikhathini sethu okuthi ngomuzwa onjalo bangadlulisa le ngxenye, enenani kuphela uma idluliswa ngokuphelele. UNkk. Nezhdanova uzuze lokhu kusebenza kahle, futhi kwaqashelwa ngokufanelekile yiwo wonke umuntu.

Ezikhathini zamaSoviet, umculi wavakashela amadolobha amaningi wezwe, emele Bolshoi Theatre. Imisebenzi yakhe yekhonsathi ikhula izikhathi eziningi.

Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili, kuze kube iMpi Yezwe Enkulu, uNezhdanova wayekhuluma njalo emsakazweni. Umlingani wakhe oqhubekayo emisebenzini yekamelo kwakunguN. Golovanov. Ngo-1922, nalo mculi, u-Antonina Vasilievna wenza uhambo lokunqoba eNtshonalanga Yurophu namazwe aseBaltic.

U-Nezhdanova wasebenzisa ingcebo yolwazi njengomculi we-opera negumbi emsebenzini wakhe wokufundisa. Kusukela ngo-1936, wafundisa e-Opera Studio yaseBolshoi Theatre, ngaleso sikhathi e-Opera Studio eqanjwe ngoKS Stanislavsky. Kusukela ngo-1944, u-Antonina Vasilievna ube nguprofesa eMoscow Conservatory.

Nezhdanova wafa ngoJuni 26, 1950 eMoscow.