UCarlos Kleiber |

UCarlos Kleiber

I-Kleiber ingesinye sezigigaba zomculo ezihlaba umxhwele nezijabulisa kakhulu esikhathini sethu. I-repertoire yakhe incane futhi ilinganiselwe ezihlokweni ezimbalwa. Akavamile ukungena ngemuva kwekhonsoli, akaxhumani nomphakathi, abagxeki nezintatheli. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwakhe ngakunye kuyisifundo esisodwa sokunemba kwezobuciko kanye nezindlela zokuqhuba. Igama lakhe vele manje seliyingxenye yezinganekwane.

Ngo-1995, uCarlos Kleiber wagubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu ngokudlala i-Der Rosenkavalier kaRichard Strauss, cishe ngendlela engenakuqhathaniswa ekuchazeni kwakhe. Iphephandaba lasenhloko-dolobha yase-Austria labhala: “Akekho emhlabeni owakhanga abaqhubi, abaphathi, abaculi be-orchestra nomphakathi njengoCarlos Kleiber, futhi akekho owazama ukudeda kukho konke lokhu njengaye. Akekho noyedwa wabaqhubi bekilasi eliphezulu kangaka, egxile ku-repertoire encane kangaka, efundwe futhi eyenziwa ngokuphelela, akakwazanga ukuzuza izimali eziphakeme ngokungavamile.

Iqiniso liwukuthi kuncane kakhulu esikwaziyo ngoCarlos Kleiber. Ngisho okuncane esikwaziyo ukuthi u-Kleiber, okhona ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokubonakala ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi nasemahholo ekhonsathi. Isifiso sakhe sokuhlala endaweni eyimfihlo futhi ehlukaniswe ngokuqinile siqinile. Ngempela, kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokungafani okungaqondakali phakathi kobuntu bakhe, olukwazi ukwenza izinto ezimangalisayo ezitholakala kumaphuzu, ukungena eziyimfihlo ezijulile futhi zizidlulisele ezilalelini ezimthandayo ekuhlanyeni, kanye nesidingo sokugwema okuncane. ukuxhumana nalokho kodwa umphakathi, abagxeki, izintatheli, ukwenqaba ngokuqinile ukukhokha inani okufanele likhokhelwe yibo bonke abaculi ukuze baphumelele noma babe nodumo lomhlaba.

Ukuziphatha kwakhe akuhlangene nokuhonqa nokubala. Labo abamazi ngokujulile ngokwanele bakhuluma ngenhle, cishe i-diabolical coquetry. Nokho okuhamba phambili kulesi sifiso sokuvikela ukuphila komuntu kwangaphakathi kunoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka umoya wokuzidla kanye namahloni acishe angenakuvinjelwa.

Lesi sici sobuntu bukaKlaiber singabonwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zokuphila kwakhe. Kodwa wazibonakalisa kakhulu ebudlelwaneni Herbert von Karajan. U-Kleiber ubelokhu emthanda kakhulu uKarajan futhi manje, lapho eseSalzburg, akakhohlwa ukuvakashela amathuna lapho kungcwatshwe khona umqhubi omkhulu. Umlando wobudlelwano babo wawuyinqaba futhi mude. Mhlawumbe kuzosisiza siqonde ipsychology yakhe.

Ekuqaleni, u-Kleiber wayezizwa engakhululekile futhi enamahloni. Lapho uKarajan eziqeqesha, uKleiber weza e-Festspielhaus eSalzburg futhi wema amahora amaningi engenzi lutho ephasishi eliholela egumbini lokubhalela likaKarajan. Njengokulindelekile, isifiso sakhe sasiwukungena ehholo lapho umqhubi omkhulu ayezilolongela khona. Kodwa akazange ayikhiphe. Wasala maqondana nomnyango walinda. Amahloni amqeda amandla futhi, mhlawumbe, wayengeke abe nesibindi sokungena ehholo ukube othile wayengammemanga ukuba eze lapho okuziqeqeshelwa khona, azi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi uKarajan wayemhlonipha kanjani.

Ngempela, uKarajan wazisa kakhulu uKlaiber ngethalente lakhe njengomqhubi. Lapho ekhuluma ngabanye abaqhubi, ngokushesha wavumela inkulumo ethile eyenza ababekhona bahleke noma okungenani bamamatheke. Akakaze asho nelilodwa izwi ngoKleiber ngaphandle kwenhlonipho ejulile.

Njengoba ubudlelwano babo bukhula, uKarajan wenza konke ukuze uKlaiber ahambele uMkhosi waseSalzburg, kodwa wayekugwema njalo. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakubonakala sengathi lo mbono wawusuzogcwaliseka. UKleiber wayezoqhuba "I-Magic Shooter", eyamlethela impumelelo enkulu ezinhloko-dolobha eziningi zaseYurophu. Kulokhu, yena noKarajan babhalelana izincwadi. UKleiber wabhala: “Ngijabule ngokuza e-Salzburg, kodwa umbandela wami oyinhloko uthi: Kumelwe unginike indawo yakho endaweni yokupaka izimoto ekhethekile yomkhosi.” UKarayan wamphendula: “Ngivumelana nakho konke. Ngingakujabulela ukuhamba nje ngizokubona e-Salzburg, futhi, vele, indawo yami endaweni yokupaka ingeyakho.

Iminyaka eminingi bedlala lo mdlalo wokudlala, owafakazela ukuzwelana futhi waletha umoya wabo ezingxoxweni mayelana nokuhlanganyela kuka-Kleiber kwi-Salzburg Festival. Kwakubalulekile kukho kokubili, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke.

Kuthiwa isamba sale mali yisona sigameko, okungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba iSalzburg ihlale ikhokha noma iyiphi imali ukuze itholele abaculi emcimbini owathakaselwa uKarajan. Ithemba lokuqhathaniswa noKarajan edolobheni lakubo ladala ukungabaza namahloni eKlaiber ngenkathi i-maestro isaphila. Lapho umqhubi omkhulu eshona ngoJulayi 1989, uKleiber wayeka ukukhathazeka ngale nkinga, akazange adlulele ngale kwendilinga yakhe evamile futhi akazange avele eSalzburg.

Ukwazi zonke lezi zimo, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi uCarlos Klaiber uyisisulu se-neurosis lapho engakwazi ukuzikhulula khona. Abaningi baye bazama ukwethula lokhu njengomphumela wobuhlobo noyise, u-Erich Kleiber odumile, owayengomunye wabaqhubi abakhulu bengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lethu futhi owadlala indima enkulu ekubumbeni uCarlos.

Okuthile—okuncane kakhulu—kwabhalwa ngokungalethembi kukababa ikhono lendodana yakhe ekuqaleni. Kodwa ubani, ngaphandle kukaCarlos Kleiber ngokwakhe (ongazange avule umlomo wakhe), ongakhuluma iqiniso ngalokho okwenzeka emphefumulweni wensizwa? Ubani okwazi ukungena encazelweni yeqiniso yamazwi athile, izahlulelo ezithile ezimbi zikababa ngendodana yakhe?

UCarlos ngokwakhe wayehlale ekhuluma ngoyise ngesisa esikhulu. Ekupheleni kwempilo ka-Erich, lapho amehlo akhe ehluleka ukubona, uCarlos wamdlalela amalungiselelo epiyano amaphuzu. Imizwa yengane yayihlala inamandla phezu kwakhe. UCarlos ukhulume ngenjabulo ngesigameko esenzeka eVienna Opera lapho eqhuba iRosenkavalier lapho. Wathola incwadi evela esibukelini esabhala: “Erich othandekayo, ngijabule kakhulu ngokuthi uqhuba i-Staatsoper eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva. Ngiyajabula ukuqaphela ukuthi anikashintshi nakancane futhi ekuchazeni kwenu ukuphila ubuhlakani obufanayo engangibuthanda ezinsukwini zobusha bethu.

Emoyeni wobunkondlo kaCarlos Kleiber kuhlangana umphefumulo wamaJalimane wangempela, omangalisayo, umuzwa wesitayela omangalisayo kanye nokuhlekisa okungaphumuli, okunokuthile kwasebusha ngakho futhi okuthi, lapho eqhuba i-The Bat, kukhumbuze uFelix Krul, iqhawe le-Bat. UThomas Mann, nemidlalo yakhe namahlaya agcwele umuzwa weholide.

Kwake kwenzeka ukuthi kwenye yaseshashalazini kwakukhona iphosta ethi "Woman Without Shadow" kaRichard Strauss, futhi umqhubi wenqaba ngomzuzu wokugcina wenqaba ukuqhuba. UKleiber wayeseduze, futhi umqondisi wathi: “Maestro, siyakudinga ukuze sisindise “Owesifazane Ongenasithunzi” wethu. “Cabanga nje,” kuphendula uKlaiber, “ukuthi ngangingakwazi ngisho nelilodwa igama elithi libretto. Cabanga ngomculo! Xhumana nozakwethu, bangochwepheshe, futhi mina ngingumfundisi nje.

Iqiniso liwukuthi le ndoda, eyahlanganisa i-1997 ngoJulayi 67, ingenye yezenzakalo zomculo ezivusa amadlingozi futhi eziyingqayizivele zesikhathi sethu. Eminyakeni yakhe encane waqhuba okuningi, engakhohlwa, noma kunjalo, izidingo zobuciko. Kodwa ngemva kokuphela kwenkathi “yokuzilolonga” e-Düsseldorf naseStuttgart, ingqondo yakhe ebucayi yamholela ekubeni agxile enanini elilinganiselwe lama-opera: La bohème, La traviata, The Magic Shooter, Der Rosenkavalier, Tristan und Isolde, Othello, Carmen, Wozzecke nakwamanye ama-symphony kaMozart, uBeethoven noBrahms. Kukho konke lokhu kumele sengeze i-The Bat nezinye izingcezu zakudala zomculo olula wase-Viennese.

Nomaphi lapho evela khona, eMilan noma eVienna, eMunich noma eNew York, kanye naseJapan, lapho ahambela khona impumelelo yokunqoba ehlobo lika-1995, uphelezelwa ama-epithets amncoma kakhulu. Nokho, kuyaqabukela eneliseke. Ngokuphathelene nohambo lwaseJapane, uKleiber wavuma, “Ukube iJapane yayingekude kangako, futhi ukube amaJapane ayengayikhokhi imali enjalo edidayo, bengingeke ngingabaze ukushiya yonke into futhi ngibaleke.”

Le ndoda iyithanda kakhulu imidlalo yeshashalazi. Indlela yakhe yokuphila iwukuba khona emculweni. Ngemva kukaKarajan, unesenzo esihle kakhulu nesinembe kakhulu esingatholakala. Wonke umuntu osebenze naye uyavumelana nalokhu: abaculi, amalungu e-orchestra, abahlabeleli. U-Lucia Popp, ngemuva kokucula naye uSophie ku-Rosenkavalier, wenqaba ukucula le ngxenye nanoma yimuphi omunye umqhubi.

Kwakuyi-"The Rosenkavalier" okwakuyi-opera yokuqala, eyanikeza ithuba lemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseLa Scala ukuba ijwayelane nalo mqhubi waseJalimane. Kusukela kubuciko bobuciko bukaRichard Strauss, uKleiber wenza i-epic yemizwa engasoze yalibaleka. Yamukelwa ngentshiseko umphakathi nabagxeki, futhi uKlaiber ngokwakhe wanqotshwa ngoPaolo Grassi, okwathi, lapho efuna, wayengenakuvinjelwa.

Noma kunjalo, bekungelula ukunqoba uKleiber. UClaudio Abbado wagcina ekwazile ukumkholisa, owanikeza u-Klaiber ukuthi aqhube i-Othello ka-Verdi, amnike indawo yakhe, bese kuba uTristan no-Isolde. Ezinkathini ezimbalwa ezedlule, i-Tristan ka-Kleiber ibe yimpumelelo enkulu ku-Wagner Festival e-Bayreuth, futhi u-Wolfgang Wagner wayememe u-Kleiber ukuthi aqhube i-Meistersingers kanye ne-tetralogy. Lesi sipho esilingayo sinqatshwe ngokwemvelo ngu-Klaiber.

Ukuhlela ama-opera amane kumasizini amane akuvamile kuCarlos Kleiber. Isikhathi esijabulisayo emlandweni we-La Scala yaseshashalazini asiphindanga. Ama-opera ekutolikweni komqhubi we-Kleiber kanye nemikhiqizo ka-Schenk, uZeffirelli kanye noWolfgang Wagner alethe ubuciko be-opera ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.

Kunzima kakhulu ukudweba umlando onembile we-Kleiber. Kunento eyodwa eqinisekile: lokho okungashiwo ngaye akukwazi ukujwayelekile nokujwayelekile. Lona umculi nomqhubi, okuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngawo wonke ama-opera nawo wonke amakhonsathi, kuqale indaba entsha.

Ekuchazeni kwakhe i-The Rosenkavalier, izici ezisondelene nezizwelayo zixhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokunemba nokuhlaziya. Kodwa umusho wakhe wobuciko bobuciko baseStraussia, njengamagama aku-Othello no-La bohème, uphawuleka ngenkululeko ephelele. U-Kleiber uphiwe ikhono lokudlala i-rubato, engenakuhlukaniswa nomqondo omangalisayo we-tempo. Ngamanye amazwi, singasho ukuthi i-rubato yakhe ayibhekiseli endleleni, kodwa endaweni yemizwa. Akungabazeki ukuthi u-Kleiber akabukeki njengomqhubi we-classical waseJalimane, ngisho nongcono kakhulu, ngoba ithalenta lakhe nokwakheka kwakhe kudlula noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kokwenza isimiso, ngisho nangesimo saso esihle. Ungakwazi ukuzwa ingxenye ethi "Viennese" kuye, ucabangela ukuthi uyise, u-Erich omkhulu, wazalelwa eVienna. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, uzwa ukwehlukahlukana kokuhlangenwe nakho okwanquma impilo yakhe yonke: indlela yakhe yokuphila idayiswa ngokusondelene nesimo sakhe sobuntu, ngendlela engaqondakali eyakha ingxube yohlobo olulodwa.

Ubuntu bakhe buqukethe isiko lokudlala laseJalimane, elinobuqhawe nelizothile, kanye nelaseViennese, elilula kancane. Kodwa azibonwa u-conductor evale amehlo. Kubonakala sengathi wacabanga ngokujulile ngabo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.

Ekuchazeni kwakhe, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ye-symphonic, umlilo ongacimi uyakhanya. Ukusesha kwakhe izikhathi lapho umculo uphila impilo yeqiniso akupheli. Futhi uphiwe isipho sokuphefumula ukuphila ngisho nakulezo zingcezwana ezazibonakala zingacacile futhi zingacacile phambi kwakhe.

Abanye abaqhubi baphatha umbhalo wombhali ngenhlonipho enkulu. U-Klaiber naye unikezwe lesi sithunzi, kodwa ikhono lakhe lemvelo lokugcizelela njalo izici zokwakheka kanye nezinkomba ezincane embhalweni zidlula zonke ezinye. Lapho eqhuba, umuntu uba nombono wokuthi uphethe insimbi ye-ochestra ngezinga elinjalo, njengokungathi esikhundleni sokuma ku-console, uhlezi ophiyano. Lo mculi unesu elivelele neliyingqayizivele, elibonakala ngokuguquguquka, ukunwebeka kwesandla (isitho esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubeni), kodwa akalokothi abeke amasu endaweni yokuqala.

Isenzo sika-Kleiber esihle kakhulu asinakuhlukaniswa nomphumela, futhi lokho afuna ukukudlulisela emphakathini kuhlale kungokwemvelo eqondile, noma ngabe i-opera noma indawo ethize ehlelekile - ama-symphonies ka-Mozart, u-Beethoven no-Brahms. Ikhono lakhe libangelwa ngokungaguquki nekhono lakhe lokwenza izinto ngaphandle kokubheka abanye. Lena indlela yakhe yokuphila njengomculi, indlela yakhe ecashile yokuziveza emhlabeni futhi ahlale kude nayo, ubukhona bakhe, obugcwele imfihlakalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umusa.

Duilio Courir, umagazini "Amadeus".

Ukuhumusha kusuka kusiNtaliyane ngu-Irina Sorokina