Erich Kleiber |

U-Eric Kleiber

"Umsebenzi ka-Erich Kleiber usekude phezulu, amathemba akhe awacacile, nokuthi le ndoda enesiphithiphithi ekukhuleni kwayo okungenakuqhathaniswa izofinyelela esiphethweni ngokuvamile akwaziwa," kubhala umgxeki waseJalimane u-Adolf Weismann ngo-1825, emangazwe ngokucacile ukukhuphuka okumangalisayo komculi, osevele wasebenza "njengomqondisi jikelele womculo" we-Berlin State Opera. Futhi kufanele, kube nesizathu sokugxekwa kungene ekudidekeni uma kubhekwa indlela ka-Kleiber emfushane kodwa esheshayo. Ngahlatshwa umxhwele isibindi esingavamile somculi, ukuzimisela nokungaguquguquki ekunqobeni ubunzima, ekusondela emisebenzini emisha.

Ongowokuzalwa eVienna, uKleiber waphothula ePrague Conservatory futhi waqashwa njengomsizi wombhidisi endlini ye-opera yendawo. Nakhu okushiwo uzakwabo omncane uGeorg Sebastian mayelana nesinyathelo sokuqala sokuzimela salo mculi: “Kwake kwathi u-Erich Kleiber (ngaleso sikhathi wayengakabi neminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala) kwadingeka athathe isikhundla somqhubi ogula ngokuzumayo wePrague Opera ekaWagner ethi The Flying Dutchman. Lapho efika phakathi nendawo, kuvele ukuthi cishe amakhasi alo ayishumi nanhlanu ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile. Abanye abantu abanomona (izigcawu zaseshashalazini zivame ukugcwala) bafuna ukudlala ihlaya elinonya nensizwa enekhono. Abanomona, nokho, benza iphutha. Ihlaya alisebenzanga. Umqhubi osemusha waphonsa amaphuzu phansi ekhungathekile futhi wenza wonke umsebenzi ngekhanda. Ngalobo busuku obukhumbulekayo kwaphawula ukuqala komsebenzi okhaliphile ka-Erich Kleiber, owasheshe waziqhenya ngendawo yaseYurophu eduze kuka-Otto Klemperer noBruno Walter. Ngemva kwalesi siqephu, “irekhodi” lika-Kleiber laphinde lagcwaliswa kusukela ngo-1912 ngomsebenzi ezindlini ze-opera zaseDarmstadt, Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Mannheim, futhi, ekugcineni, ngo-1923 waqala umsebenzi wakhe eBerlin. Isikhathi lapho ephethe i-State Opera kwakuyinkathi ekhazimula ngempela ekuphileni kwakhe. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Kleiber, irempu yaqala ukubonwa lapha, ama-opera amaningi abalulekile esimanje, ahlanganisa i-Wozzeck ka-A. Berg kanye noChristopher Columbus ka-D. Milhaud, imidlalo yokuqala yaseJalimane ye-Jenufa kaJanacek, eyenziwa nguStravinsky, uKrenek nabanye abaqambi. . Kodwa kanye nalokhu, uKlaiber uphinde wanikeza izibonelo ezinhle zokuchazwa kwama-opera asendulo, ikakhulukazi uBeethoven, Mozart, Verdi, Rossini, R. Strauss kanye nemisebenzi engavamile eyenziwa nguWeber, Schubert, Wagner (“Uthando Olungavunyelwe”), Lorzing (“The Umzingeli"). Futhi labo okwenzeka bezwa i-operetta ka-Johann Strauss ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, bahlala benombono ongenakulibaleka wale midlalo, egcwele ubusha nobuhle.

Engagcini ngokusebenza eBerlin, uKleiber ngaleso sikhathi washeshe wazuza udumo emhlabeni, ehambela zonke izikhungo ezinkulu zaseYurophu naseMelika. Ngo-1927, waqala ukufika e-USSR futhi ngokushesha wazuza uzwela izilaleli zaseSoviet. Imisebenzi kaHaydn, Schumann, Weber, Respighi yabe yenziwa ezinhlelweni zikaKleiber, waqhuba uCarmen enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Enye yamakhonsathi umculi azinikele ngokuphelele emculweni waseRussia - imisebenzi kaTchaikovsky, Scriabin, Stravinsky. “Kwaba,” kubhala umgxeki, “ukuthi uKleiber, ngaphezu kokuba umculi osezingeni eliphezulu onamakhono amahle kakhulu omculo wezinsimbi, unaleso sici osaziwayo abaningi abangenaso: ikhono lokungena emoyeni wesiko lemisindo yangaphandle. Ngenxa yaleli khono, u-Kleiber wawazi kahle amaphuzu ayewakhethile, wawenza kahle kangangokuthi kwabonakala sengathi sibhekene nombhidisi waseRussia ovelele esiteji.

Kamuva, u-Klaiber wayevame ukwenza ezweni lakithi ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene futhi ejabulela impumelelo efanele. Wagcina ukuvakashela i-USSR ngo-1936, ngemva kokushiya iJalimane lobuNazi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umculi wazinza eNingizimu Melika isikhathi eside. Isikhungo somsebenzi wakhe kwakuyiBuenos Aires, lapho uKlaiber ebambe indawo evelele empilweni yomculo njengaseBerlin, ehlale ehola imidlalo eColon Theatre nasemakhonsathini amaningi. Kusukela ngo-1943, wasebenza futhi enhloko-dolobha yaseCuba - Havana. Futhi ngo-1948 umculi wabuyela eYurophu. Amadolobha amakhulu alwela ngempela ukuthola uKlaiber njengomqhubi unomphela. Kodwa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wahlala engumdlali oyisivakashi, edlala kulo lonke izwekazi, ebamba iqhaza kuyo yonke imikhosi yomculo ebalulekile - kusukela e-Edinburgh kuya ePrague. U-Kleiber wenza amakhonsathi ephindelela e-German Democratic Republic, ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe wadlala imidlalo yeshashalazi ayeyithanda kakhulu - i-German State Opera e-Berlin, kanye nase-Dresden.

Ubuciko obukhanyayo nobuthanda ukuphila buka-Erich Kleiber buthwetshulwa kumarekhodi amaningi egilamafoni; phakathi kwemisebenzi eqoshwe nguye kukhona ama-opera athi The Free Gunner, The Cavalier of the Roses kanye nenani lemisebenzi emikhulu ye-symphonic. Ngokusho kwabo, umlaleli angakwazi ukwazisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zethalente lomdwebi - ukuqonda kwakhe okujulile ngengqikithi yomsebenzi, umuzwa wakhe wesimo, ukuqedwa okuhle kakhulu kwemininingwane, ubuqotho bemibono yakhe kanye nekhono lakhe lokufeza ukuqaliswa kwayo.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek