Amaculo omculo nezinhlobo zawo

Isihloko esishicilelwe namuhla amaculo emculweni. Sizokhuluma ngokuthi iyini i-chord nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezingoma ezikhona.

I-chord iwungwaqa wemisindo eminingana (kusukela kwemithathu noma ngaphezulu) ehlobene nebanga elithile, okungukuthi, ngezikhawu ezithile. Yini ungwaqa? Ungwaqa imisindo ehlala ndawonye. Ungwaqa olula kakhulu isikhawu, izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zongwaqa zingamaculo ahlukahlukene.

Igama elithi “consonance” lingafaniswa negama elithi “umlaza”. Kumaqoqo ezinkanyezi, izinkanyezi eziningana zitholakala ezindaweni ezihlukene ukusuka kwenye. Uma uzixhuma, ungathola uhlaka lwezibalo zezilwane noma amaqhawe ezinganekwane. Ngokufanayo emculweni, inhlanganisela yemisindo inikeza ongwaqa bezingoma ezithile.

Yiziphi izingoma?

Ukuze uthole i-chord, udinga ukuhlanganisa okungenani imisindo emithathu noma ngaphezulu. Uhlobo lwechord luncike ekutheni mingaki imisindo exhunywe ndawonye, ​​nokuthi ixhumeke kanjani (ngaziphi izikhawu).

Emculweni we-classic, imisindo kuma-chords ihlelwa ngokwesithathu. Ichodi lapho imisindo emithathu ehlelwe ngokwesithathu ibizwa ngokuthi i-triad. Uma urekhoda i-triad ngamanothi, khona-ke ukumelwa okucacile kwalesi sikhala kuzofana kakhulu nomuntu omncane weqhwa.

Uma ungwaqa imisindo emine, futhi ehlukaniswe omunye nomunye ngeyesithathu, bese kuvela iphimbo lesikhombisa. Igama elithi “iculo lesikhombisa” lisho lokho phakathi kwemisindo eyeqisayo ye-chord, kwakheka isikhawu se-"septim". Ekurekhodweni, i-chord yesikhombisa nayo "i-snowman", hhayi kuphela ku-snowballs amathathu, kodwa kusukela kwezine.

Uma echosheni kunemisindo emihlanu exhumene ngokwesithathubese kuthiwa okungeyona i-chord (ngokusho kwesikhawu esithi “nona” phakathi kwamaphoyinti ayo adlulele). Hhayi-ke, ukuqoshwa komculo we-chord enjalo kuzosinika "iqhwa", okubonakala sengathi lidle izaqathe eziningi, ngoba liye lakhula libe yiziqhwa ezinhlanu!

I-Triad, i-chord yesikhombisa kanye ne-nonchord yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaculo asetshenziswa emculweni. Kodwa-ke, lolu chungechunge lungaqhutshwa namanye ama-harmonies, akhiwe ngokuvumelana nesimiso esifanayo, kodwa asetshenziswa kancane kakhulu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa i-undecimacchord (imisindo emi-6 ngabathathu), i-tertsdecimacchord (imisindo eyi-7 ngabathathu), i-quintdecimacchord (imisindo eyi-8 ngabathathu). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma wakha iphimbo ledesimali lesithathu noma iphimbo ledesimali lesihlanu ukusuka kunothi elithi “yenza”, khona-ke bazofaka zonke izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa zesikali somculo (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si) .

Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-chords emculweni zimi kanje:

• Unxantathu – ukucushwa kwemisindo emithathu ehlelwe ngokwesithathu kukhonjiswa ngenhlanganisela yezinombolo 5 no-3 (53);
• Iculo lesikhombisa – ukucushwa kwemisindo emine kokuthathu, phakathi kwemisindo eyeqisayo yesikhombisa, kukhonjiswa inombolo yesi-7;
• I-Nonaccord - Ichord yemisindo emihlanu kokuthathu, phakathi kwemisindo eyingozi kakhulu yokungeyona, ikhonjiswa inombolo 9.

Ama-chords angewona ama-tertz

Emculweni wesimanje, umuntu angathola ama-chords lapho imisindo ingekho engxenyeni yesithathu, kodwa kwezinye izikhawu - ngokuvamile ngokwesine noma kwesihlanu. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela ekuxhumaneni kwama-quarts amabili, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-quarter-seventh chord kwakhiwa (okuboniswa inhlanganisela yezinombolo 7 kanye no-4) nesikhombisa phakathi kwemisindo eyeqisayo.

Kusukela ku-clutch yezingxenye ezimbili kwezinhlanu, ungathola ama-quint-chords (okuboniswa izinombolo 9 kanye no-5), kuzoba nesikhawu esingahlanganisi phakathi komsindo ophansi nongaphezulu.

Amaculo we-Classical tertsovye azwakala ethambile, evumelana. Ama-chords esakhiwo esingewona ama-tertzian anomsindo ongenalutho, kodwa anemibala eminingi. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho lawa maculo afaneleka kakhulu lapho kudingeka khona ukudalwa kwezithombe zomculo ezingaqondakali kahle.

Njengesibonelo, asishayele ucingo Isandulelo esithi "Sunken Cathedral" ngumqambi waseFrance uClaude Debussy. Amaculo angenalutho engxenye yesihlanu nengxenye yesine lapha asiza ekudaleni isithombe sokuhamba kwamanzi nokubukeka kwethempeli elikhulu elidumile elingabonakali phakathi nosuku, likhuphuka emanzini echibi kuphela ebusuku. Ama-chords afanayo abonakala edlulisa ukukhala kwezinsimbi kanye nokushaya kwewashi phakathi kwamabili.

Isibonelo esisodwa - ucezu lwepiyano ngomunye umqambi ongumFulentshi uMaurice Ravel “Gallows” ovela kumjikelezo othi “Ghosts of the Night”. Lapha, ama-quint-chords asindayo ayindlela efanele yokudweba isithombe esimnyama.

Amaqoqo noma izixha zesibili

Kuze kube manje, sikhulume kuphela labongwaqa abahlanganisa ongwaqa bezinhlobo ezahlukene - okwesithathu, okwesine nokwesihlanu. Kodwa ongwaqa bangabuye bakhelwe kusuka kuma-intervals-dissonances, kufaka phakathi ukusuka kumasekhondi.

Okubizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo akhiwa ngemizuzwana. Ngezinye izikhathi zibuye zibizwe ngokuthi izixha zesibili. (isithombe sabo esicacile sisikhumbuza kakhulu isixha samanye amajikijolo - isibonelo, umlotha wezintaba noma amagilebhisi).

Ngokuvamile amaqoqo aboniswa emculweni hhayi ngendlela "yamanothi ahlakazayo", kodwa njengama-rectangles agcwele noma angenalutho atholakala esigxotsheni. Kufanele aqondwe ngale ndlela elandelayo: wonke amanothi adlalwa (okhiye bepiyano abamhlophe noma abamnyama kuye ngombala weqoqo, ngezinye izikhathi kokubili) ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalo nxande.

Isibonelo samaqoqo anjalo singabonakala ku upiyano ucezu "Festive" umqambi Russian Leyla Ismagilova.

Amaqoqo ngokuvamile awahlukaniswa njengama-chords. Isizathu salokho yilesi esilandelayo. Kuvela ukuthi kunoma iyiphi i-chord, imisindo ngayinye yezingxenye zayo kufanele izwakale kahle. Noma yimuphi umsindo onjalo ungahlukaniswa ngokuzwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi somsindo futhi, isibonelo, ucule yonke eminye imisindo eyakha i-chord, kuyilapho thina ngeke siphazamiseke. Kumaqoqo kuhlukile, ngoba yonke imisindo yawo ihlangana ibe indawo eyodwa enemibala, futhi akwenzeki ukuzwa noma iyiphi yazo ngokwehlukana.

Izinhlobonhlobo zama-triad, izingoma zesikhombisa nama-nonchords

Izingoma zakudala zinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela zama-triad, izingoma zesikhombisa - 16, kodwa ziyi-7 kuphela ezilungisiwe ekusebenzeni, kungase kube nokuhlukahluka okwengeziwe kokungewona amachords (64), kodwa lawo asetshenziswa njalo angaphinda abalwe eminweni (4-5).

Sizonikela ngezindaba ezihlukene ekuhloleni okuningiliziwe kwezinhlobo zama-triad nama-chords wesikhombisa esikhathini esizayo, kodwa manje sizozinikeza incazelo emfushane nje kuphela.

Kodwa okokuqala, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-chords nhlobo? Njengoba siphawulile ekuqaleni, izikhawu zomculo zisebenza “njengempahla yokwakha” yamaculo. Lezi zinhlobo zezitini, lapho "ukwakhiwa kwe-chord" kutholakala khona.

Kodwa futhi ukhumbule ukuthi izikhawu nazo zinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, zingaba zibanzi noma zibe mncane, kodwa futhi zihlanzekile, ezinkulu, ezincane, ezincishisiwe, njll. Ukuma kwe-interval-brick kuncike ekubalukeni kwayo kanye nenani lobuningi. Futhi kusukela kuziphi izikhawu esakhayo (futhi ungakha ama-chords kusuka ezinkathini kokubili okufanayo nokuhlukile), kuya ngokuthi hlobo luni lwe-chord, ekugcineni, esizoyithola.

Ngakho, izintathu zinezinhlobo ezi-4. Kungaba okukhulu (noma okukhulu), okuncane (noma okuncane), kuncishiswe noma kunwetshwe.

1. Unxantathu omkhulu (omkhulu). okuphawulwe ngosonhlamvukazi B kanye nokwengezwa kwezinombolo 5 no-3 (B53). Iqukethe ingxenye yesithathu enkulu nencane, ngokwalolu hlelo ngqo: okokuqala, ingxenye enkulu yesithathu ingezansi, futhi encane yakhiwe phezu kwayo.
2. Unxantathu omncane (oncane). okhonjwa ngosonhlamvukazi u-M ngokuhlanganisa izinombolo ezifanayo (M53). I-triad encane, ngokuphambene, iqala ngeyesithathu encane, lapho enkulu yengezwa phezulu.
3. Unxantathu ongeziwe etholwe ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezinkulu, ezifushanisiwe njengokuthi – Uv.53.
4. Unxantathu oncishisiwe yakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezincane, igama layo lithi Um.53.

Esibonelweni esilandelayo, ungabona zonke izinhlobo ezisohlwini zonxantathu ezakhiwe kusukela kumanothi “mi” kanye no-“fa”:

Kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko zamachodi wesikhombisa. (7 kwabayi-16). Amagama abo akhiwe izakhi ezimbili: eyokuqala uhlobo lwesikhombisa phakathi kwemisindo eyeqisayo (ingaba enkulu, encane, encishisiwe noma yanda); eyesibili iwuhlobo lukanxantathu, olutholakala phansi kwephimbo lesikhombisa (okungukuthi, uhlobo lukanxantathu, olwakhiwe ngemisindo emithathu engezansi).

Isibonelo, igama elithi "i-chord encane yesikhombisa" kufanele liqondwe kanje: le ngoma yesikhombisa inengxenye yesikhombisa encane phakathi kwe-bass nomsindo ongaphezulu, futhi ngaphakathi kwayo kukhona unxantathu omkhulu.

Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezingu-7 zezingoma zesikhombisa zingakhunjulwa kalula kanje - ezintathu zazo zizoba zinkulu, ezintathu - ezincane, futhi eyodwa - zincishiswe:

1. Iculo elikhulu lesikhombisa - unxantathu omkhulu wesikhombisa + omkhulu esisekelweni (B.mazh.7);
2. Ichord enkulu encane yesikhombisa - okwesikhombisa okukhulu emaphethelweni + unxantathu omncane ngezansi (B.min.7);
3. I-Grand augmented chord yesikhombisa – ingxenye enkulu yesikhombisa phakathi kwemisindo eyeqisayo + ukwanda kukanxantathu kwakha imisindo emithathu ephansi ukusuka kumabhesi (B.uv.7);
4. Iculo elincane lesikhombisa - encane yesikhombisa emaphethelweni + unxantathu omkhulu esisekelweni (M.mazh.7);
5. I-chord encane encane yesikhombisa - okwesikhombisa okuncane kwakhiwe imisindo eyeqisayo + i-triad encane itholakala kumathoni amathathu aphansi (M. min. 7);
6. Okuncane kuncishiswe iphimbo lesikhombisa – omncane wesikhombisa + ongunxantathu ngaphakathi unciphile (M.um.7);
7. Kwehliswe iphimbo lesikhombisa - owesikhombisa phakathi kwe-bass nomsindo ophezulu uyancipha + i-triad ngaphakathi nayo iyancipha (Um.7).

Isibonelo somculo sibonisa izinhlobo ezisohlwini zezingoma zesikhombisa, ezakhiwe ngemisindo ethi "re" kanye "nosawoti":

Ngokuqondene nama-non-chords, kufanele afundwe ukuhlukanisa, ikakhulukazi ngokungabikho kwawo. Njengomthetho, ama-non-chords asetshenziswa kuphela ngenothi elincane noma elikhulu. Ngaphakathi kwe-non-chord, yiqiniso, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kohlobo lwesikhombisa nohlobo lukanxantathu.

Phakathi ama-nonchords ajwayelekile faka okulandelayo (okuhlanu sekukonke):

• I-nonchord enkulu enkulu - nge-nona enkulu, eyesikhombisa enkulu kanye ne-triad enkulu (B.mazh.9);
• I-nonchord encane enkulu - nge-nona enkulu, eyesikhombisa enkulu kanye ne-triad encane (B.min.9);
• I-nonchord enkulu ye-augmented – nge-non enkulu, eyesikhombisa enkulu kanye ne-triad eyandayo (B.uv.9);
• I-nonchord encane encane - nge-non encane, encane yesikhombisa kanye ne-triad enkulu (M.mazh.9);
• I-nonchord encane encane - nge-nona encane, encane yesikhombisa kanye ne-triad encane (M. min. 9).

Esibonelweni esilandelayo somculo, lawa okungewona ama-chords akhiwe ngemisindo ethi “yenza” kanye no-“re”:

Ukuguqulwa - indlela yokuthola izingoma ezintsha

Kusukela kuma-chords ayinhloko asetshenziswa emculweni, okungukuthi, ngokuya ngokwezigaba zethu - kusuka kuma-triad, izingoma zesikhombisa nama-nonchords - ungathola amanye ama-chords ngokuguqula. Sesivele sikhulume ngokuguqulwa kwezikhawu, lapho, ngenxa yokuhlela kabusha imisindo yabo, kutholakala izikhawu ezintsha. Kusebenza isimiso esifanayo kuma-chords. Ama-chord inversions ayenziwa, ikakhulukazi, ngokuhambisa umsindo ophansi (i-bass) i-octave phezulu.

Ngakho, i-triad ingahlehliswa kabili, ngesikhathi sezikhalazo, sizothola ongwaqa abasha - i-sextant ne-quartz sextant. Izingoma zesithupha zivezwa ngenombolo 6, amachords ekota-sext - ngezinombolo ezimbili (6 kanye no-4).

Isibonelo, ake sithathe unxantathu emisindweni ethi “d-fa-la” futhi senze ukuguqulwa kwayo. Sidlulisa umsindo othi "re" i-octave ephakeme futhi sithole i-consonance "fa-la-re" - lena i-chord yesithupha yalo zintathu. Okulandelayo, manje ake sinyuse umsindo othi “fa” phezulu, sithola “la-re-fa” – i-quadrant-sextakcord ye-triad. Uma ngabe sihambisa umsindo othi "la" i-octave phezulu, sizophinde sibuyele kulokho esikushiyile - ku-triad yokuqala "d-fa-la". Ngakho-ke, siyaqiniseka ukuthi i-triad inama-inversion amabili kuphela.

Izingoma zesikhombisa zinezikhalo ezintathu - i-quintsextachord, i-chord yekota yesithathu kanye nechord yesibili, isimiso sokuqaliswa kwazo siyefana. Ukuqoka amachords ocansi lwesihlanu, kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yezinombolo u-6 no-5, kumachords ekota yesithathu - 4 no-3, amachords esibili aboniswa inombolo 2.

Isibonelo, uma kunikezwe iculo lesikhombisa elithi “do-mi-sol-si”. Masenze konke okungase kube ukuguqulwa futhi sithole okulandelayo: i-quintsextakkord “mi-sol-si-do”, i-chord yekota yesithathu “sol-si-do-mi”, i-chord yesibili “si-do-mi-sol”.

Ukuguqulwa kwama-triad kanye nama-chords wesikhombisa asetshenziswa kakhulu emculweni. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kwama-non-chords noma ama-chords, lapho kukhona khona imisindo eyengeziwe, asetshenziswa kakhulu (cishe ungalokothi), ngakho-ke ngeke sikucabangele lapha, nakuba kungenzima ukukuthola nokuwanika igama (konke. ngokwesimiso esifanayo sokudluliswa kwebhesi).

Izici ezimbili ze-chord - isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi

Noma iyiphi i-chord ingacatshangelwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, ungayakha ngomsindo futhi uyicabangele ngokwesakhiwo, okungukuthi, ngokusho kokwakheka kwesikhawu. Lesi simiso sesakhiwo sibonakala ngokunembile egameni eliyingqayizivele le-chord - i-triad enkulu, i-chord encane yesikhombisa, i-chord yesine encane, njll.

Ngegama, siyaqonda ukuthi singayakha kanjani lokhu noma leyo ngoma ngomsindo onikeziwe nokuthi kuzoba yini "okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi" kwale chord. Futhi, khumbula, akukho okusivimbela ekwakheni noma iyiphi i-chord kunoma yimuphi umsindo.

Okwesibili, ama-chords angacatshangelwa ezinyathelweni zesilinganiso esikhulu noma esincane. Kulokhu, ukwakheka kwama-chords kuthonywa kakhulu uhlobo lwemodi, izimpawu zezihluthulelo.

Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, kumodi enkulu (makube yi-C enkulu), ama-triad amakhulu atholakala kuphela ezinyathelweni ezintathu - eyokuqala, yesine neyesihlanu. Ezinyathelweni ezisele, kungenzeka ukwakha ama-triad amancane noma anciphile kuphela.

Ngokufanayo, kwencane (ngokwesibonelo, ake sithathe u-C minor) - ama-triad amancane azophinde abe esinyathelweni sokuqala, sesine nesesihlanu, kokunye kuzokwazi ukuthola okukhulu noma okuncishisiwe.

Iqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo ezithile kuphela zama-chords zingatholakala kumadigri amakhulu noma amancane, futhi hhayi noma yikuphi (ngaphandle kwemingcele) isici sokuqala "sokuphila" kwama-chords ngokuphathelene nokukhathazeka.

Esinye isici ukuthi ama-chords athola umsebenzi (okungukuthi, indima ethile, incazelo) kanye negama elilodwa elengeziwe. Konke kuncike ekutheni i-chord yakhelwe phezu kwaliphi izinga. Isibonelo, ama-triad kanye nama-chords wesikhombisa akhiwe esinyathelweni sokuqala azobizwa ngokuthi ama-triad noma ama-chords wesikhombisa wesinyathelo sokuqala noma ama-tonic triads (ama-tonic ama-tonic chords), njengoba azomelela "amandla e-tonic", okungukuthi, azobhekisela kokuqala. isinyathelo.

Ama-triad namaculo esikhombisa akhelwe esitebhisini sesihlanu, esibizwa ngokuthi i-dominant, azobizwa ngokuthi yi-dominant (dominant triad, dominant seventh chord). Esinyathelweni sesine, ama-triad angaphansi kanye nama-chords wesikhombisa akhiwa.

Lesi sici sesibili sama-chords, okungukuthi, ikhono lokwenza umsebenzi othile, singaqhathaniswa nendima yomdlali eqenjini elithile lezemidlalo, isibonelo, eqenjini lebhola. Bonke abasubathi eqenjini bangabadlali bebhola, kodwa abanye bangonozinti, abanye bangabadlali basemuva noma abadlali basesiswini, kanti abanye bangabahlaseli, futhi ngamunye wenza umsebenzi wakhe kuphela, ochazwe ngokuqinile.

Imisebenzi yamachord akufanele ididaniswe namagama esakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, iphimbo lesikhombisa elibusayo elivumelanayo ekwakhekeni kwalo liwuphawu oluncane lwesikhombisa oluyinhloko, futhi iphimbo lesikhombisa lesinyathelo sesibili liwuphawu oluncane lwesikhombisa oluncane. Kodwa lokhu akusho nakancane ukuthi noma iyiphi i-chord encane yesikhombisa ingalinganiswa nechord yesikhombisa evelele. Futhi lokhu akusho ukuthi enye i-chord esakhiweni ayikwazi ukusebenza njenge-chord yesikhombisa evelele - isibonelo, encane encane noma enkulu eyandisiwe.

Ngakho-ke, omagazini banamuhla, sicabangele izinhlobo eziyinhloko zongwaqa bomculo abayinkimbinkimbi - amaculo namaqoqo, athinta izindaba zokuhlukaniswa kwawo (ama-chords ane-terts kanye ne-non-terts structure), achaza ama-inversions futhi akhombe izinhlangothi ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-chord. – isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza. Komagazini abalandelayo sizoqhubeka nokufunda izingoma zokucula, sibhekisise kabanzi izinhlobo zama-triad nezingoma zesikhombisa, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwazo okuyisisekelo ngokuvumelana. Hlala ubukele!

Ikhefu lomculo! Epiyano - uDenis Matsuev.

UJean Sibelius - Etude ku-Op encane. 76 no. 2.