Clarinet: incazelo ithuluzi, ukwakheka, umsindo, izinhlobo, umlando, ukusetshenziswa

Umakhelwane ovela engomeni edumile ka-Edita Piekha, edlala i-clarinet necilongo, cishe wayengumdlali wezinsimbi eziningi wangempela. Izinsimbi zomculo ezimbili, nakuba zingezeqembu lomoya, zihluke ngokuphelele. Esokuqala siwumhlanga wokhuni onama-valve, owesibili uwumlomo wethusi onama-valve. Kodwa abafundi abaningi bezikole zomculo abafunda ukudlala ithusi baqala “ngesihlobo” esincane.

Iyini i-clarinet

Ummeleli omuhle womndeni wethusi uthatha indawo ekhethekile ku-orchestra ye-symphony. Uhlu olubanzi lomsindo kanye ne-timbre ethambile, ehloniphekile ivumela abaculi ukuthi bayisebenzise ukwakha izinhlobo zomculo. Ikakhulukazi i-clarinet, uMozart, uGershwin, u-Handel wabhala umculo. Umqambi u-Sergei Prokofiev wamnika indima yokuzimela yekati enganekwaneni ye-symphonic uPeter ne-Wolf. Futhi uN. Rimsky-Korsakov wasebenzisa uLel ku-opera ethi The Snow Maiden ezingoma zomalusi.

I-clarinet iyinsimbi yokhuni yomhlanga enomhlanga owodwa. Ingoweqembu lomoya. Isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisayo kwamanye amalungu omndeni amathuba awo abanzi okuvezayo, avumela ukuthi isetshenziswe yedwa, njengengxenye yama-orchestra e-symphony, ukwenza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomculo: i-jazz, i-folk, i-ethno, i-classics.

Idivayisi ye-Clarinet

Ibukeka njengeshubhu elenziwe ngokhuni. Ubude bomzimba cishe bungamasentimitha angama-70. Iyagoqeka, iqukethe izingxenye eziyisithupha:

• umlomo;
• umoba;
• idolo elingenhla;
• idolo eliphansi;
• umgqomo;
• icilongo.

Umsindo ukhiqizwa ngokushaya umoya ngokhiye womlomo ogobile. Kufakwa umhlanga kuwo. Ukuphakama komsindo kunqunywa ubukhulu bekholomu yomoya ngaphakathi kwedivayisi. Ilawulwa umshini oyinkimbinkimbi ofakwe uhlelo lwe-valve.

I-clarinet iyinsimbi yokudlulisa. Izibonelo ezivame kakhulu zisekushuneni kwe-“Si” kanye “ne-“La”. Abizwa nangokuthi "ama-soprano". Ezinye izinhlobo zikhona futhi zijabulela ilungelo lokukhala ku-orchestra, phakathi kwazo okunomsindo ophezulu kanye nemisindo ephansi. Bendawonye bakha umndeni wonke.

I-clarinet inezwi eliphezulu

Abaqalayo be-clarinetists baqala ukuqeqeshwa kwabo nabo. Eyokuqala ngqa ezandleni zabaculi abasebasha iyinsimbi ohlelweni "Yenza". Kuzwakala ncamashi ngokwamanothi, ngakho kwenza kube lula ukwazi izinto eziyisisekelo. I-Sopranino ne-piccolo abavamile ukwethenjwa kuma-orchestra. Kurejista engenhla zizwakala zidelela, zicijile nge-squeal ephimisayo. Izimo ekushuneni kokuthi "ku-C" cishe azikaze zisetshenziswe ochwepheshe.

I-clarinet ishuna iphansi

Azifani nalezo ezibalwe ngenhla hhayi kuphela ngephimbo, kodwa futhi ngesakhiwo nosayizi. Ukuze kwenziwe, izingxenye zensimbi zisetshenziswa. Ngokungafani nama-altos, insimbi yawo neshubhu zenziwe ngensimbi. Inomumo ogobile, njenge-saxophone, egoba ukuze idlale kalula. Ku-orchestra, i-bass, i-contrabass, ne-basset horn yizinhlobo ezinomsindo ophansi kakhulu.

Izwakala kanjani i-clarinet?

Umsindo we-timbre othambile akuyona kuphela inzuzo yensimbi. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukutholakala koshintsho oluguquguqukayo kumugqa oguqukayo. Iyahlukahluka ukusuka komkhulu, umsindo ozwakalayo kuye kokancane, ocishe ufiphele.

Ububanzi bukhulu, cishe ama-octaves amane. Endabeni ephansi, ukukhiqiza kumnyama. Ukushintsha umsindo uye phezulu kuveza ukukhanya, amathoni afudumele. Irejista ephezulu yenza kube lula ukukhiqiza imisindo ebukhali, enomsindo.

Indawo yokuveza imizwa inkulu kangangokuthi umqambi omkhulu u-VA Mozart waqhathanisa ngokuzethemba insimbi nezwi lomuntu. Idrama, ukulandisa okulinganiselwe, okudlalayo, umsindo odlala ngothando - konke kungaphansi kwalo mmeleli womndeni womoya.

Umlando we-clarinet

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, abaculi badlala i-chalumeau. Leli ithuluzi lesizwe lamaFulentshi. Kukholakala ukuthi i-Bavarian ngemvelaphi ye-IK ingaqhamuka ne-clarinet. I-Denner. Wayebheka umsindo we-chalumeau njengongaphelele, futhi wasebenzela ukuthuthukisa umklamo wayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-tube yokhuni ine-valve ngemuva. Ngokuwucindezela ngesithupha sesandla sokudla, umenzi uhumushele umsindo kuyi-octave yesibili.

Izici ze-timbre zazifana nalezo ze-clarine, ezazivamile ngaleso sikhathi. Leli cilongo lalinomsindo ocacile. Imvelaphi yegama inezimpande zaseYurophu eseningizimu. Ithuluzi elisha lalibizwa ngokuthi i-clarinetto - ipayipi elincane elihunyushwe lisuka ku-Italian. UChalumeau noClarinet bobabili babedumile eFrance. Kodwa amathuba abanzi okugcina abe yisidingo sokuqedwa kwalowo owandulelayo.

Indodana IK Denner uJakobe waqhubeka nomsebenzi kayise. Wasungula i-clarinet enama-valve amabili. Abanye amakhosi avelele engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX baphumelele ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli kaJakobe ngokungeza ivalve yesithathu, yesine neyesihlanu. Imodeli ye-Zh-K isiphenduke eyakudala. I-Lefevre enama-valve ayisithupha.

Lokhu kuthuthukiswa komklamo akuphelelanga lapho. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwavela izikole ezimbili zokudlala i-clarinette. Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye yaphawulwa ukuduma kwensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-German clarinet. Yayifakwe ama-annular valves, umshicileli wekwaya yasenkantolo yaseMunich u-Theobald Böhm anquma ukuwasebenzisa. Le modeli yathuthukiswa yi-clarinetist yaseBerlin u-Oskar Ehler. I-clarinet ye-German system yasetshenziswa eYurophu isikhathi eside, kuze kube yilapho kuvela enye uhlelo - uhlelo lwesiFulentshi. Umehluko phakathi kokunye nokunye usezingeni lokuvezwa komsindo, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izinsimbi zomlomo neminye imininingwane. I-clarinet yesiFulentshi ibifaneleka kakhulu ukudlala i-virtuoso, kodwa inamandla amancane okuveza izwi namandla omsindo. Umehluko wawusesistimu ye-valve.

Abakhiqizi banamuhla bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izingxenye ze-clarinet besebenzisa izinto ezahlukene, bandise ukusebenza ngeziphethu eziningi, izinduku, izikulufa. E-Russia, eJalimane, e-Austria, imodeli yendabuko esekelwe kumazinga aseJalimane isetshenziswa ngokwesiko.

Izinhlobonhlobo ze-clarinets

Ukuhlukaniswa kwensimbi kubanzi kakhulu. Kunqunywa ithoni ne-timbre. I-clarinet encane (i-piccolo) cishe ayikaze isetshenziswe. Iqoqo livamise ukusebenzisa i-“basset” ene-timbre “plaintive” ethile. Ezinye izinhlobo zisetshenziswa kuma-orchestra:

• i-bass - engavamile ukusetshenziswa eyedwa, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amazwi e-bass;
• contralto - kufakwe emabhandeni ethusi;
• i-double bass - ikuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe amanothi aphansi, amakhulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo.

Emabhendi ethusi ezempi ase-United States, amathuluzi e-alto asetshenziswa kakhulu. Zinomsindo onamandla, umsindo ogcwele, ozwakalayo.

Indlela yeClarinet

Njengoba kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha, ithuluzi lathuthukiswa, nendlela yokuba ngumnikazi walo nayo yashintsha. Ngenxa yokuhamba kobuchwepheshe kwalo mmeleli womndeni womoya, umculi angakwazi ukudlala izikali ze-chromatic, izingoma ezizwakalayo, ukukhiqiza kabusha ama-overtones, amavesi.

Ububanzi bemingcele ukusuka ku-“Mi” ye-octave encane ukuya ku-“Do” kowesine buvumela ithuluzi ukuthi libambe iqhaza emisebenzini eminingi. Umculi udlala ngokuvuthela umoya embotsheni yomlomo ngomhlanga. Ubude bekholomu, i-tonality, i-timbre ilawulwa ama-valve.

Ama-clarinetists avelele

Emlandweni womculo, ama-virtuosos ayaziwa ukuthi ngubani owazi kahle indlela yokudlala i-clarinetto. Okudume kakhulu:

• U-GJ Berman ungumculi waseJalimane owabuyekeza imisebenzi eminingi yokuqala ka-Weber futhi wayijwayelanisa nomsindo wensimbi;
• A. Stadler – ubizwa ngokuthi ngumenzi wokuqala wemisebenzi kaMozart;
• V. Sokolov - eminyakeni yamaSoviet, lo mculi wamukelwa amahholo agcwele abalandeli bomsindo we-classical emadolobheni ahlukene ezwe nakwamanye amazwe.

B. Goodman uthole ukuphakama okukhulu ku-jazz. Ubizwa ngokuthi “Inkosi Yokushwibeka”. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo lixhunywe negama le-jazzman - kwenye yezindali zaseYurophu, insimbi yakhe yathengiswa ngamadola ayizinkulungwane ezingu-25. Isikole esidlalayo saseRussia sisekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho nomsebenzi ka-S. Rozanov. Izincwadi zesimanje zakhiwe ngemidwebo yakhe. Njengoprofesa e-Conservatory yaseMoscow, wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zemfundo, ngokusho ukuthi abaculi bafundiswa kuphi namuhla.