Domenico Cimarosa (Domenico Cimarosa) |

Domenico Cimarosa

Isitayela somculo sikaCimarosa siyavutha, siyavutha futhi sijabule... B. Asafiev

UDomenico Cimarosa ungene emlandweni wesiko lomculo njengomunye wabamele abaqavile besikole se-opera saseNeapolitan, njengengcweti ye-buffa opera, oqede ukuvela kwe-Italian comic opera yekhulu lesi-XNUMX emsebenzini wakhe.

UCimarosa wazalelwa emkhayeni onomakhi kanye nelondolo. Ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe, ngo-1756, unina wafaka uDomenico omncane esikoleni sabampofu kwesinye sezindela eNaples. Kulapha lapho umqambi wesikhathi esizayo athola khona izifundo zakhe zokuqala zomculo. Ngesikhashana nje, uCimarosa wenza inqubekelaphambili enkulu futhi ngo-1761 wangeniswa eSite Maria di Loreto, indawo yokugcina izinto endala eNaples. Othisha abahle kakhulu ababefundisa lapho, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abaqambi abakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abaqavile. Iminyaka engu-11 ye-Conservatory Cimarosa yadlula esikoleni somqambi omuhle kakhulu: wabhala izixuku eziningana nama-motets, wakwazi ubuciko bokucula, ukudlala i-violin, i-cembalo kanye nesitho sangempela. Othisha bakhe kwakungu-G. Sacchini no-N. Piccinni.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-22, uCimarosa waphumelela e-Conservatory futhi wangena emkhakheni womqambi we-opera. Ngokushesha enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-Neapolitan dei Fiorentini (del Fiorentini) kwadlalwa i-opera yakhe yokuqala ye-buffa, i-The Count's Whims. Yalandelwa ngokulandelana okuqhubekayo amanye ama-comic opera. Udumo lukaCimarosa lwakhula. Izinkundla eziningi zeshashalazi e-Italy zaqala ukummema. Impilo ekhandlayo yomqambi we-opera, ehambisana nokuhamba njalo, yaqala. Ngokwemibandela yangaleso sikhathi, ama-opera kwakufanele aqanjwe edolobheni lapho ayedlalwa khona, ukuze umqambi acabangele amakhono eqembu nezinto ezithandwa umphakathi wendawo.

Ngenxa yokucabanga kwakhe okungapheli nekhono lakhe elingapheli, uCimarosa waqamba ngesivinini esingenakulinganiswa. Imidlalo yakhe yamahlaya, ephawuleka phakathi kwayo ethi An Italian in London (1778), Gianina and Bernardone (1781), Malmantile Market, or Deluded Vanity (1784) kanye ne-Unsuccessful Intrigues (1786), yadlalwa eRome, Venice, Milan, Florence, Turin. namanye amadolobha ase-Italy.

UCimarosa waba umqambi odume kakhulu e-Italy. Uphumelele esikhundleni samakhosi anjengoG. Paisiello, Piccinni, P. Guglielmi, ababephesheya ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, umqambi onesizotha, engakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi, akakwazanga ukuzuza isikhundla esilondekile ezweni lakubo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1787, wamukela isimemo sokuba umqondisi weqembu lasenkantolo kanye “nomqambi womculo” enkantolo yombuso waseRussia. UCimarosa wachitha cishe iminyaka emithathu nengxenye eRussia. Phakathi nale minyaka, umqambi akazange aqambe ngokujulile njengase-Italy. Wanikela isikhathi esengeziwe ekuphatheni inkundla ye-opera yasenkantolo, imidlalo ye-opera, nokufundisa.

Endleleni ebuyela ezweni lakubo, lapho umqambi waya khona ngo-1791, wavakashela eVienna. Ukwamukela ngemfudumalo, isimemo sokuya esikhundleni somphathi webhendi yasenkantolo futhi – yilokho obekulindele u-Cimarosa enkantolo yoMbusi wase-Austria u-Leopold II. E-Vienna, kanye nembongi u-J. Bertati, uCimarosa wadala okuhle kakhulu kwendalo yakhe - i-opera ye-buff ethi The Secret Marriage (1792). Ukuqala kwayo kwaba yimpumelelo ebabazekayo, i-opera yaqoshwa yonke.

Lapho ebuyela eNaples ngo-1793, umqambi wathatha isikhundla somphathi weqembu lasenkantolo lapho. Ubhala i-opera seria ne-opera buffa, ama-cantatas nemisebenzi yezinsimbi. Lapha, i-opera ethi "Umshado Oyimfihlo" imelane namakhonsathi angaphezu kuka-100. Lokhu kwakungakaze kuzwakale ngekhulu le-1799 e-Italy. Ngo-4, uguquko lonxiwankulu lwenzeka eNaples, futhi uCimarosa wabingelela ngentshiseko isimemezelo seriphabhulikhi. Yena, njengomshisekeli weqiniso, wasabela kulo mcimbi ngengoma ethi "Patriotic Hymn". Nokho, i-republic yahlala izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwakhe, umqambi waboshwa futhi waphonswa ejele. Indlu abehlala kuyo yabhidlika, futhi i-clavichembalo yakhe edumile, ephonswe endaweni egandaywe ngamatshe, yaphihlizwa yaze yabhidlizwa. Izinyanga eziyi-XNUMX uCimarosa ulinde ukubulawa. Futhi isicelo sabantu abanethonya kuphela samlethela ukukhululwa ayekufuna. Isikhathi esejele saba nomthelela empilweni yakhe. Engafuni ukuhlala eNaples, uCimarosa waya eVenice. Lapho, naphezu kokuzizwa engathandeki, uqamba i-onepy-seria "Artemisia". Kodwa-ke, umqambi akazange abone i-premiere yomsebenzi wakhe - kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Ungcweti ovelele wethiyetha ye-opera yase-Italy yekhulu lama-70. UCimarosa ubhale ama-opera angaphezu kuka-XNUMX. Umsebenzi wakhe waziswa kakhulu uG. Rossini. Mayelana nomsebenzi ongcono kakhulu womqambi - onepe-buffa "Umshado Oyimfihlo" E. Hanslik wabhala ukuthi "inalowo mbala wegolide okhanyayo wangempela, okuwukuphela kwawo olungele umdlalo wamahlaya womculo ... yonke into kulo mculo inyakaza futhi iyacwebezela. ngamaparele, alula futhi ajabulisayo, kangangokuthi isilaleli singajabulela kuphela. Le ndalo ephelele ye-Cimarosa isahlala kumculo we-opera womhlaba.

I. Vetlitsyna