Géza Anda |

Geza Anda

Ngaphambi kokuthi uGeza Anda athathe isikhundla esiqinile emhlabeni wesimanje wopiyano, wadlula endleleni eyinkimbinkimbi, ephikisanayo yentuthuko. Kokubili isithombe sokudala somculi kanye nayo yonke inqubo yokwakheka kobuciko kubonakala kuyinkomba enkulu kuso sonke isizukulwane sabaculi abaculayo, njengokungathi kugxilwe kukho kokubili ukufaneleka kwakhe okungenakuphikiswa kanye nobuthakathaka bakhe besici.

U-Anda wakhulela emndenini wabaculi abayizimfundamakhwela, lapho eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala wangena eLiszt Academy of Music eBudapest, lapho phakathi kothisha bakhe kwakukhona u-E. Donany ohlonishwayo. Wahlanganisa izifundo zakhe nomsebenzi we-prosaic impela: wanikeza izifundo zepiyano, waziphilisa ngokucula kuma-orchestra ahlukahlukene, ngisho nasezindaweni zokudlela nasezindaweni zokudansa. Iminyaka eyisithupha yokufunda yaletha u-Anda hhayi kuphela idiploma, kodwa futhi uMklomelo we-Listov, owamnika ilungelo lokwenza i-debut yakhe eBudapest. Wayedlala, ephelezelwa i-orchestra eyayiqhutshwa u-V. Mengelberg odumile, i-Second Concerto of Brahms. Impumelelo yaba nkulu kangangokuthi iqembu labaculi abavelele eliholwa ngu-3. U-Kodai wathola umfundaze womdwebi onekhono, okwamvumela ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe eBerlin. Futhi lapha unenhlanhla: ukusebenza kwe-Franck's Symphonic Variations ne-Philharmonics edumile eholwa ngu-Mengelberg kuyaziswa kakhulu ngabagxeki nabanolwazi. Kodwa-ke, umoya ocindezelayo wenhloko-dolobha yamaFascist awuzange uthandeke umculi, futhi lapho ethole isitifiketi sezokwelapha esingamanga, wakwazi ukuya eSwitzerland (okuthiwa ukwelashwa). Lapha u-Anda waqeda imfundo yakhe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Edwin Fischer futhi wazinza, kamuva, ngo-1954, ethola ubuzwe baseSwitzerland.

Izinkambo eziningi zaletha udumo lwe-Anda lwaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50s; ngo-1955, izilaleli eziningi zamadolobha ase-US zahlangana naye, ngo-1963 waqala ukudlala eJapane. Zonke izigaba zomsebenzi womdwebi wangemva kwempi zibonakala kumarekhodi egilamafoni, avumela umuntu ukuba ahlulele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakhe kokudala. Ebusheni bakhe, u-Anda waheha ukunaka ngokuyinhloko ngethalenta lakhe “lezandla”, futhi kuze kube maphakathi nawo-50s, i-repertoire yakhe yayinokuchema okuhlukile kwe-virtuoso. Abambalwa kontanga yakhe benze Izinguquko ezinzima kakhulu zika-Brahms ethimu ye-Paganini noma izingcezu zika-Liszt ezimangalisayo nge-bravura nokuzethemba okunjalo. Kodwa kancane kancane iMozart iba isizinda sezithakazelo zokudala zomdlali wopiyano. Udlala futhi aqophe ngokuphindaphindiwe wonke amakhonsathi kaMozart (kuhlanganise nawama-5 asekuqaleni), ethola imiklomelo eminingi yamazwe ngamazwe ngalawa marekhodi.

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-50s, elandela isibonelo sikameluleki wakhe u-E. Fischer, wayevame ukucula njengomqhubi wopiyano, ecula ikakhulukazi amakhonsathi e-Mozart futhi ethola imiphumela emihle yobuciko kulokhu. Ekugcineni, kumakhonsathi amaningi ka-Mozart, wabhala ama-cadenza akhe, ehlanganisa i-stylistic organicity kanye nobuhlakani be-virtuoso nekhono.

Ehumusha u-Mozart, u-Anda wayehlale ezama ukudlulisela ezithamelini lokho okwakuseduze kakhulu naye emsebenzini walo mqambi - ukukhululeka komculo, ukucaca nokuhlanzeka kokuthungwa kwepiyano, umusa wokuzibekela emuva, ukulangazelela ithemba. Ukuqinisekiswa okungcono kakhulu kwezimpumelelo zakhe mayelana nalokhu kwakungekona ngisho nokubuyekezwa okuhle kwababuyekezi, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi uClara Haskil - umculi ocashe kakhulu futhi onenkondlo - wamkhetha njengomlingani wakhe ekuculweni kwekhonsathi ka-Mozart ephindwe kabili. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuciko buka-Anda isikhathi eside babuntula ukwesabeka komzwelo ophilayo, ukujula kwemizwelo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokungezwani okukhulu nomvuthwandaba. Akazange ahlanjalazwe ngenxa yobuhle obubandayo, ukusheshisa okungafanele, imikhuba yokubeka amagama, ukuhlakanipha okwedlulele, okuklanyelwe ukufihla ukuntuleka kokuqukethwe kwangempela.

Nokho, ukuqoshwa kuka-Anda kweMozart kusivumela ukuba sikhulume ngokuvela kobuciko bakhe. Ama-disc akamuva ochungechunge lwe-All Mozart Concertos (ne-orchestra ye-Salzburg Mozarteum), aqedwa umdwebi emngceleni wosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-50, amakwa ngomsindo omnyama, omkhulu, isifiso sokuba nesikhumbuzo, ukujula kwefilosofi. kugcizelelwe ngokukhethwa kokumaphakathi kakhulu kunangaphambili , izinga lokushisa. Lokhu akuzange kunikeze isizathu esithile sokubona izimpawu zenguquko eyisisekelo kwisitayela sopiyano somculi, kodwa kwamkhumbuza ukuthi ukuvuthwa kokudala nakanjani kushiya uphawu lwakho.

Ngakho-ke, uGeza Anda uzuze udumo njengomdlali wopiyano onephrofayili yokudala encane - ngokuyinhloko "uchwepheshe" e-Mozart. Nokho, yena ngokwakhe wasiphikisa ngokuphelele lesi sinqumo. “Igama elithi “ingcweti” alinawo umqondo,” u-Anda wake watshela umlobeli wephephabhuku lesiSlovakia elithi Good Life. - Ngaqala ngeChopin futhi kwabaningi ngase nginguchwepheshe eChopin. Ngabe sengidlala i-Brahms futhi ngabizwa ngokushesha ngokuthi “Bramsian”. Ngakho noma yikuphi ukulebula kuwubuwula.”

La mazwi aneqiniso lawo. Impela uGeza Anda ubeyiciko elikhulu, eyiciko elivuthiwe njalo, kunoma iyiphi ingoma, enento afuna ukuyisho emphakathini futhi ekwazi ukukusho. Khumbula ukuthi cishe waba ngowokuqala ukuwadlala womathathu amakhonsathi opiyano kaBartók ngobusuku obubodwa. Uphethe ukurekhodwa okuhle kakhulu kwalawa makhonsathi, kanye ne-Rhapsody yePiano ne-Orchestra (Op. 1), eyenziwe ngokubambisana nomqhubi uF. Fritchi. Eminyakeni yamuva, u-Anda waya ngokuya ephendukela kuBeethoven (awayengakaze adlale ngaphambili), kuSchubert, Schumann, Brahms, Liszt. Phakathi kokurekhodiwe kwakhe kukhona kokubili amakhonsathi kaBrahms (noKarajan), ikhonsathi kaGrieg, Ukuhlukahluka kukaBeethoven kaDiabelli Waltz, iFantasia ku-C enkulu, i-Kreisleriana, i-Schumann's Davidsbündler Dances.

Kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi kwakusemculweni ka-Mozart lapho izici ezingcono kakhulu zomculo wakhe wopiyano - ocwebezelayo, ophucuziwe, onomdlandla - wembulwa, mhlawumbe, ngokuphelela okukhulu kakhulu. Ake sisho okwengeziwe, babewuhlobo lwezinga lokuhlukanisa isizukulwane sabadlali bopiyano baseMozartia.

Ithonya likaGeza Anda kulesi sizukulwane alinakuphikwa. Kwakunqunywa hhayi kuphela umdlalo wakhe, kodwa futhi umsebenzi esebenzayo pedagogical. Njengoba engumhlanganyeli obaluleke kakhulu emikhosini yaseSalzburg kusukela ngo-1951, wabuye waqhuba amakilasi nabaculi abasebasha edolobheni laseMozart; ngo-1960, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, u-Edwin Fischer wamnika ikilasi lakhe eLucerne, futhi kamuva u-Anda wafundisa ukuhumusha njalo ehlobo eZurich. Lo mculi wakha izimiso zakhe zokufundisa ngale ndlela: “Abafundi bayadlala, ngiyalalela. Abaningi bopiyano bacabanga ngeminwe yabo, kodwa bakhohlwe ukuthi umculo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kukodwa. Upiyano, njengokuludlala, kufanele luvule ama-horizons amasha.” Ngokungangabazeki, isipiliyoni esicebile kanye nobubanzi bombono owafika eminyakeni edlule kwavumela umculi ukuba avule lezi zimo emculweni kubafundi bakhe. Sengeza ngokuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje, u-Anda wayevame ukucula njengomqhubi. Ukufa okungalindelekile akuzange kuvumele ithalenta lakhe eliguquguqukayo ukuba liveze ngokugcwele. Washona emasontweni amabili ngemva kwamakhonsathi okunqoba eBratislava, idolobha lapho aqala khona nge-orchestra ye-symphony eyayiqhutshwa uLudovit Reiter emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.