I-Giuditta Pasta |

I-Giuditta Pasta

Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Rave mayelana noGiuditta Pasta, u-VV Stasov ambiza ngokuthi "i-Italian brilliant", amakhasi wephephandaba laseshashalazini avela emazweni ahlukene aseYurophu ayegcwele. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba uPasta ungomunye wabalingisi abavelele besikhathi sakhe. Wayebizwa ngokuthi "oyedwa", "inimitable". UBellini wathi ngoPasta: “Ucula ngendlela efiphalisa amehlo akhe; Waze wangikhalisa.

Umgxeki odumile ongumFulentshi uCastile-Blaz wabhala: “Ubani lo mthakathi onephimbo eligcwele imikhuhlane nokukhalipha, esenza izinto ezidalwe uRossini ngamandla nangokukhanga okufanayo, kanye nezithakazelo zasesikoleni esidala ezigcwele ubuhle nobulula? Ubani, ogqoke imvunulo yeqhawe nezimpahla ezinhle zezindlovukazi, obonakala kithi manje njengesithandwa esithandekayo sika-Othello, manje njengeqhawe elinamandla laseSirakuse? Ubani ohlanganise ithalente le-virtuoso kanye nenhlekelele ekuzwaneni okumangalisayo okunjalo, eheha umdlalo ogcwele amandla, imvelo nomuzwa, okwazi ngisho nokuhlala ungenandaba nemisindo yomculo? Ubani owengeziwe osincoma ngekhwalithi eyigugu yemvelo yakhe - ukulalela imithetho yesitayela esiqinile kanye nokukhanga kokubukeka okuhle, okuhambisana ngokuvumelana nokuthakazelisa kwezwi lomlingo? Ubani obusa ngokuphindwe kabili isiteji sezingoma, ebangela imibono ekhohlisayo nomona, egcwalisa umphefumulo ngokuncoma okuhle nokuhlushwa kwenjabulo? Lona nguPasta… Ujwayelene nawo wonke umuntu, futhi igama lakhe liheha abathandi bomculo omangalisayo ngendlela engenakuvinjwa.”

UGiuditta Pasta (née Negri) wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 9, 1798 eSartano, eduze neMilan. Kakade ebuntwaneni, wafunda ngempumelelo ngaphansi kokuqondisa umculi Bartolomeo Lotti. Lapho uGiuditta eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala, wangena eMilan Conservatory. Lapha uPasta wafunda noBonifacio Asiolo iminyaka emibili. Kodwa uthando lwe-opera house lwanqoba. U-Giuditta, eshiya i-conservatory, okokuqala ubamba iqhaza emidlalweni ye-amateur. Khona-ke ungena esigabeni sochwepheshe, edlala eBrescia, Parma naseLivorno.

Ukuqala kwakhe esiteji sobuchwepheshe akuzange kuphumelele. Ngo-1816, wanquma ukunqoba umphakathi wangaphandle futhi waya eParis. Ukudlala kwakhe e-Italian Opera, lapho uCatalani ayebusa khona ngaleso sikhathi, akuzange kunakwe. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uPasta, kanye nomyeni wakhe uGiuseppe, naye ongumculi, bathatha uhambo oluya eLondon. NgoJanuwari 1817, wacula okokuqala ngqa eRoyal Theatre eCimarosa's Penelope. Kodwa lokhu noma amanye ama-opera awazange amlethele impumelelo.

Kodwa ukwehluleka kwakhuthaza uGiuditta kuphela. "Esebuyele ezweni lakubo," kubhala u-VV Timokhin, - ngosizo lukathisha uGiuseppe Scappa, waqala ukusebenza ngezwi lakhe ngokuphikelela okungavamile, ezama ukunikeza ukukhanya okukhulu nokuhamba, ukufeza ukulingana komsindo, ngaphandle kokushiya. ngesikhathi esifanayo isifundo esibucayi sohlangothi olumangalisayo lwezingxenye ze-opera.

Futhi umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ube yize - kusukela ngo-1818, umbukeli wayekwazi ukubona iPasta entsha, elungele ukunqoba iYurophu ngobuciko bakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe eVenice, eRoma naseMilan yaba yimpumelelo. Ekwindla ka-1821, amaParis alalela ngesithakazelo esikhulu umculi. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, ukuqala kwenkathi entsha - "inkathi ye-Pasta" - kwaba ukusebenza kwakhe okuphawulekayo eVerona ngo-1822.

U-VV Timokhin uyabhala: “Izwi lomdwebi, elivevezelayo futhi elinothando, elihlukaniswa ngamandla angavamile nokushuba komsindo, kuhlanganiswe nekhono elihle lokulingisa nokulingisa okujabulisayo esiteji. - Ngemva nje kokubuyela eParis, uPasta wamenyezelwa njengomculi wokuqala wesikhathi sakhe ...

... Ngokushesha nje lapho abalaleli bephazamiseka kulokhu kuqhathaniswa futhi baqala ukulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwesenzo esiteji, lapho bengaboni khona umculi ofanayo onezindlela ezingavamile zokudlala, kuphela ukushintsha imvunulo eyodwa kwenye, kodwa iqhawe elivuthayo u-Tancred ( Rossini's Tancred), iMedea eyesabekayo (“Medea” kaCherubini), iRomeo emnene (“Romeo and Juliet” kaZingarelli), ngisho nabalondolozi besikhathi esifushane kakhulu bazwakalisa injabulo yabo eqotho.

Ngokuthinta okukhethekile kanye nezingoma, uPasta wenza ingxenye yeDesdemona (Othello kaRossini), lapho abuyela khona ngokuphindaphindiwe, isikhathi ngasinye enza izinguquko ezibalulekile ezifakazela ukuzithuthukisa komculi, isifiso sakhe sokuqonda ngokujulile nokudlulisela umlingisi ngeqiniso. weqhawekazi likaShakespeare.

Imbongi enkulu eneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha ubudala uFrancois Joseph Talma, owamuzwa umculi, wathi. “Nkosikazi, ulifezile iphupho lami, iphupho lami. Unezimfihlo ebengilokhu ngizifuna ngokuqhubekayo nangokungapheli kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi wami weshashalazi, kusukela ngibheka ikhono lokuthinta izinhliziyo njengomgomo ophakeme kakhulu wobuciko.

Kusukela ngo-1824 i-Pasta nayo yadlala eLondon iminyaka emithathu. Enhloko-dolobha yaseNgilandi, uGiuditta wathola abantu abaningi abashisekayo njengaseFrance.

Iminyaka emine, umculi wahlala eyedwa ne-Italian Opera eParis. Kodwa kwaba khona ukuxabana nomqambi odumile nomqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, uGioacchino Rossini, lapho ama-opera amaningi awenza ngempumelelo. I-Pasta yaphoqeleka ngo-1827 ukuba ihambe enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance.

Ngenxa yalesi senzakalo, izilaleli eziningi zakwamanye amazwe zakwazi ukujwayelana nekhono lePasta. Ekugcineni, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-30s, i-Italy yabona lo mculi njengomculi wokuqala omangalisayo wesikhathi sakhe. Ukunqoba okuphelele kulindelwe uGiuditta eTrieste, Bologna, Verona, Milan.

Omunye umqambi odumile, uVincenzo Bellini, uvele elithanda kakhulu ithalente lalo mculi. Ngokwakhe, uBellini uthole umlingisi okhaliphile wezindima zikaNorma no-Amina kuma-opera uNorma noLa sonnambula. Naphezu kwenani elikhulu labangabazayo, uPasta, owazakhela udumo ngokutolika abalingiswa abangamaqhawe emisebenzini kaRossini, ukwazile ukusho igama lakhe elinesisindo encazelweni yesitayela sikaBellini esithambile nesincibilikayo.

Ehlobo lika-1833, umculi wavakashela eLondon noBellini. U-Giuditta Pasta wazidlula yena eNorma. Impumelelo yakhe kule ndima yayiphezulu kunazo zonke izindima zangaphambilini ezenziwa umculi phambilini. Isasasa lomphakathi lalingenamkhawulo. Umyeni wakhe, uGiuseppe Pasta, wabhalela umkhwekazi wakhe: “Ngibonga iqiniso lokuthi ngenze uLaporte waqinisekisa ukuthi anikeze izivivinyo ezengeziwe, futhi ngenxa yokuthi uBellini ngokwakhe uqondise ikhwaya ne-orchestra, i-opera yalungiswa njengokungathi cha. enye i-repertoire yase-Italy eLondon, ngakho-ke impumelelo yakhe yadlula konke okulindelwe uGiuditta kanye namathemba eBellini. Phakathi nomdlalo, “zakhala izinyembezi eziningi, futhi kwaqhuma ihlombe elimangalisayo esenzweni sesibili. U-Giuditta ubonakale ephinde wazalwa kabusha njenge-heroine yakhe futhi wacula ngentshiseko enjalo, akwazi ukuyenza kuphela lapho ekhuthazwa ukuba enze kanjalo ngesizathu esithile esingavamile. Encwadini efanayo eya kunina kaGiuditta, uPasta Bellini uqinisekisa embhalweni wakho konke okwashiwo umyeni wakhe: “Izolo uGiuditta wakho uthokozise wonke umuntu obekhona enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi ekhala izinyembezi, angikaze ngimbone emkhulu kangaka, engakholeki, ekhuthazekile…”

Ngo-1833/34, uPasta waphinda wacula eParis - e-Othello, La sonnambula kanye no-Anne Boleyn. “Ngokokuqala ngqa, umphakathi waba nomuzwa wokuthi lo mculi ngeke kudingeke ahlale isikhathi eside esiteji ngaphandle kokulimaza isithunzi sakhe esiphakeme,” kubhala u-VV Timokhin. - Izwi lakhe liye lafiphala kakhulu, lalahlekelwa amandla alo angaphambili namandla, ukuphimbola kwaba nokungaqiniseki, iziqephu ngazinye, futhi ngezinye izikhathi iqembu lonke, i-Pasta yayivame ukucula ithoni eyingxenye, noma ithoni ephansi. Kodwa njengomdlali we-actress, waqhubeka ethuthuka. Abantu baseParis bahlatshwa umxhwele ikakhulukazi ubuciko bokulingisa, umculi abusebenzisa kahle, kanye nokukholisa okumangalisayo adlulisa ngakho abalingiswa baka-Amina omnene, othandekayo kanye nobabazekayo, odabukisayo u-Anne Boleyn.

Ngo-1837, uPasta, ngemva kokucula eNgilandi, uthatha umhlalaphansi okwesikhashana emisebenzini yasesiteji futhi uhlala ikakhulukazi e-villa yakhe ngasogwini lweLake Como. Emuva ngo-1827, u-Giuditta wathenga eBlevio, endaweni encane ngaphesheya kwechibi, i-Villa Rhoda, eyake yaba ngumdwebi wezingubo ocebe kakhulu, uMpress Josephine, unkosikazi wokuqala kaNapoleon. Umalume womculi, unjiniyela uFerranti, weluleka ukuthi athenge i-villa futhi ayibuyisele. Ngehlobo elilandelayo, uPasta wayesefikile lapho ezophumula. I-Villa Roda yayiyingxenye yepharadesi ngempela, "injabulo", njengoba amaMilanese ayevame ukusho ngaleso sikhathi. Le ndlu eyisithabathaba yayimi ngasogwini lwechibi, ifakwe emabula emhlophe ngesitayela sakudala esiqinile. Abaculi abadumile nabathandi be-opera bathutheleke lapha bevela kulo lonke elase-Italy naphesheya ukuze bafakaze mathupha ngenhlonipho yabo ngethalente lokuqala elimangalisayo eYurophu.

Abaningi sebejwayele umqondo wokuthi ekugcineni umculi washiya isiteji, kodwa ngesizini ka-1840/41, uPasta uphinde wavakashela. Kulokhu wavakashela eVienna, Berlin, Warsaw futhi wahlangana nokwamukelwa okumangalisayo yonke indawo. Kwabe sekuba namakhonsathi akhe eRussia: eSt. Petersburg (November 1840) naseMoscow (January-February 1841). Yiqiniso, ngaleso sikhathi amathuba kaPasta njengomculi ayenomkhawulo, kodwa umshini waseRussia awukwazanga ukuhluleka ukuqaphela amakhono akhe amahle kakhulu wokudlala, ukuveza kanye nemizwelo yomdlalo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhambo lwaseRussia lwalungelona olokugcina empilweni yobuciko yomculi. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi kuphela, wagcina ewuqedile umsebenzi wakhe omuhle, edlala eLondon ngo-1850 nomunye wabafundi bakhe abathandayo ezingcaphunweni ze-opera.

UPasta washona eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva e-villa yakhe eBlavio ngo-Ephreli 1, 1865.

Phakathi kwezindima eziningi zikaPasta, ukugxekwa kwakuhlale kuqokomisa ukusebenza kwakhe kwezingxenye ezimangalisayo neziwubuqhawe, njengoNorma, Medea, Boleyn, Tancred, Desdemona. I-Pasta yenza izingxenye zayo ezinhle kakhulu ngobuhle obukhethekile, ukuzola, ipulasitiki. “Kulezi zindima, uPasta wayewumusa ngokwawo,” kubhala omunye wabagxeki. "Isitayela sakhe sokudlala, isimo sobuso, ukuthinta komzimba kwakuncomeka kakhulu, kungokwemvelo, kunomusa kangangokuthi yonke indawo yayimkhanga ngokwaso, izici zobuso ezibukhali zazinyathelisa yonke imizwa eyayivezwa yizwi lakhe ...". Nokho, uPasta, umlingisi ophawulekayo, akazange nakancane ambusise uPasta umculi: “akazange akhohlwe ukudlala ngenxa yezindleko zokucula,” ekholelwa ukuthi “umculi kufanele agweme ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza komzimba okwandisiwe okuphazamisa ukucula futhi konakalise kuphela.”

Kwakungenakwenzeka ukungatusi ukuvezwa nothando lokucula kukaPasta. Omunye walaba balaleli kwavela ukuthi umlobi uStendhal: “Sishiya iculo ngokuhlanganyela kukaPasta, thina, sishaqekile, asikwazanga ukukhumbula noma yini enye egcwele umuzwa ojulile ofanayo nalowo umculi asithatha ngawo. Kwakuyize ukuzama ukunikeza ukulandisa okucacile kombono onamandla kangaka futhi ongavamile. Kunzima ukusho zisuka nje ukuthi iyini imfihlo yomthelela wawo emphakathini. Akukho okungavamile ku-timbre yezwi likaPasta; akukhona ngisho nokuhamba kwakhe okukhethekile kanye nevolumu engavamile; okuwukuphela kwento ayincomayo nayithakaselayo ubulula bokucula, obusuka enhliziyweni, obuhehayo futhi obuthinta inhliziyo ngokuphindwe kabili ngisho nalabo ababukeli abakhale izimpilo zabo zonke ngenxa yemali noma imiyalo kuphela.