UMaurizio Pollini (Maurizio Pollini) |

UMaurizio Pollini

Maphakathi nawo-70s, abezindaba basabalalisa umlayezo mayelana nemiphumela yocwaningo olwenziwe phakathi kwabagxeki abahamba phambili bomculo emhlabeni. Kuthiwa babuzwa umbuzo owodwa: ubani abambheka njengomdlali wopiyano ongcono kakhulu wesikhathi sethu? Futhi ngeningi elikhulu (amavoti ayisishiyagalombili kwayishumi), intende yesandla yanikezwa uMaurizio Pollini. Kodwa-ke, baqala ukusho ukuthi kwakungeyona into engcono kakhulu, kodwa kuphela ngomculi wopiyano ophumelele kakhulu kunabo bonke (futhi lokhu kuyishintsha kakhulu indaba); kodwa ngandlela thize, igama lomdwebi osemncane wase-Italy lalingowokuqala ohlwini, olwaluhlanganisa kuphela izinkanyiso zobuciko bomculo wepiyano emhlabeni, futhi ngeminyaka nangokuhlangenwe nakho kwamdlula kude. Futhi nakuba ukungabi nangqondo kwalolu hlu lwemibuzo nokusungulwa "kwetafula lezikhundla" kwezobuciko kubonakala, leli qiniso likhuluma kakhulu. Namuhla kusobala ukuthi uMauritsno Pollini ungene ngokuqinile ezinhlwini zabakhethiweyo… Futhi wangena kudala impela – ngasekuqaleni kwawo-70s.

• Umculo wepiyano esitolo se-inthanethi se-Ozon →

Nokho, izinga lethalente likaPollini lobuciko nolopiyano lalisobala kwabaningi ngisho nangaphambili. Kuthiwa ngo-1960, lapho umNtaliyane osemncane kakhulu, ngaphambi kwezimbangi ezingaba ngu-80, eba umnqobi woMncintiswano weChopin eWarsaw, u-Arthur Rubinstein (omunye walabo amagama abo asohlwini) wababaza: “Usevele edlala kangcono noma yimuphi wethu - amalungu ejaji! Mhlawumbe akukaze kwenzeke emlandweni walo mqhudelwano - ngaphambi nangemuva kwalokho - izethameli kanye namajaji bahlangane kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwabo kugeyimu yowinile.

Umuntu oyedwa kuphela, njengoba kwavela, akazange abe nomdlandla onjalo - kwakunguPollini ngokwakhe. Kunoma ikuphi, akazange abonakale “ezothuthukisa impumelelo” futhi asebenzise amathuba abanzi kakhulu ukunqoba okungenakuhlukaniswa amvulela wona. Ngemva kokudlala amakhonsathi amaningana emadolobheni ahlukene aseYurophu futhi waqopha i-disc eyodwa (i-Chopin's E-minor Concerto), wenqaba izinkontileka ezinemali eningi nokuvakasha okukhulu, wabe eseyeka ukudlala, esho ngokungananazi ukuthi akazizwa ekulungele ukwenza umsebenzi wekhonsathi.

Lokhu kushintsha kwezigigaba kwabangela ukudideka nokudumala. Phela, ukuphakama kwe-Warsaw komculi kwakungalindelekile neze - kubonakala sengathi naphezu kobusha bakhe, wayesevele enokuqeqeshwa okwanele kanye nolwazi oluthile.

Indodana yomdwebi wezakhiwo waseMilan yayingeyona ingane ehlakaniphile, kodwa ekuqaleni yabonisa umculo ongavamile futhi kusukela eneminyaka engu-11 yafunda e-conservatory ngaphansi kokuqondisa kothisha abavelele u-C. Lonati no-C. Vidusso, babe nemiklomelo emibili yesibili Umncintiswano Wamazwe Ngamazwe e-Geneva (1957 no-1958) kanye nowokuqala - emncintiswaneni oqanjwe ngo-E. Pozzoli eSeregno (1959). Abantu bakithi, ababona kuyena esikhundleni sikaBenedetti Michelangeli, manje base bedumele ngokusobala. Kodwa-ke, kulesi sinyathelo, ikhwalithi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Pollini, ikhono lokuzihlola okujulile, ukuhlolwa okubalulekile kwamandla omuntu, nakho kuthintekile. Wayeqonda ukuthi ukuze abe umculi wangempela, kwakusenebanga elide okwakusafanele alihambe.

Ekuqaleni kwalolu hambo, uPollini waya "ukuqeqeshwa" kuBenedetti Michelangeli ngokwakhe. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwaba okwesikhashana: ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kwakukhona izifundo eziyisithupha kuphela, ngemva kwalokho uPollini, ngaphandle kokuchaza izizathu, wayeka amakilasi. Kamuva, lapho ebuzwa ukuthi lezi zifundo zamnikezani, waphendula kafushane: “UMichelangeli wangibonisa izinto eziwusizo.” Futhi nakuba ngaphandle, ekuboneni kuqala, endleleni yokudala (kodwa hhayi esimweni sobuntu bokudala) bobabili abaculi babonakala besondelene kakhulu, ithonya lomdala kwabancane lalingabaluleki ngempela.

Iminyaka eminingana, u-Pollini akazange avele esiteji, akazange aqophe; ngaphezu komsebenzi ojulile kuye ngokwakhe, isizathu salokhu kwakuyisifo esibi esasidinga izinyanga eziningi zokwelashwa. Kancane kancane, abathandi bepiyano baqala ukukhohlwa ngaye. Kodwa lapho phakathi neminyaka yama-60 umculi waphinde wahlangana nezethameli, kwaba sobala kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi ukungabikho kwakhe ngamabomu (nakuba ngokwengxenye ephoqelelwe) kuyazithethelela. Umculi ovuthiwe uvele phambi kwezithameli, engagcini nje ngokukwazi kahle ubuciko, kodwa futhi azi ukuthi yini futhi kanjani okufanele ayisho ezithamelini.

Unjani - le Pollini entsha, amandla ayo kanye nokuqala kwayo kungasangabazeki, ubuciko bayo namuhla buyisihloko sokugxekwa okungaka njengokutadisha? Akulula kangako ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Mhlawumbe into yokuqala efika engqondweni lapho uzama ukucacisa izici eziphawulekayo zokubukeka kwakhe yizicucu ezimbili: indawo yonke kanye nokuphelela; ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimfanelo zihlanganiswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa, zibonakaliswa kuyo yonke into - ezithakazelweni ze-repertoire, ekungeneni kwemingcele yamathuba obuchwepheshe, ekuhlakanipheni okungaqondakali kwesitayela okuvumela umuntu ukuba ahumushe ngokulinganayo imisebenzi ye-polar ngohlamvu.

Kakade ekhuluma ngokuqoshwa kwakhe kokuqala (okwenziwa ngemva kokuhlaba ikhefu), u-I. Harden waphawula ukuthi abonisa isigaba esisha ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu bobuciko bomculi. “Umuntu siqu, umuntu uboniswa lapha hhayi ngemininingwane nangobukhazikhazi, kodwa ekudalweni kwakho konke, ukuzwela okuguquguqukayo komsindo, ekubonakalisweni okuqhubekayo kwesimiso esingokomoya esiqhuba umsebenzi ngamunye. U-Pollini ubonisa umdlalo ohlakaniphe kakhulu, ongathintwa ukudelela. I-"Petrushka" kaStravinsky yayingadlalwa kanzima, i-rougher, insimbi eyengeziwe; Izifundo zikaChopin zinothando kakhulu, zinemibala eminingi, zibaluleke kakhulu ngamabomu, kepha kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi le misebenzi yenziwa ngomphefumulo kakhudlwana. Ukutolikwa kuleli cala kubonakala njengesenzo sokudala kabusha okungokomoya…”

Kusemandleni okungena ngokujulile ezweni lomqambi, ukuphinda aphinde acabange nemizwa yakhe lapho ubuntu obuyingqayizivele bukaPollini bukhona. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi abaningi, noma kunalokho, cishe konke okuqoshiwe kwakhe kubizwa ngazwi linye ngokuthi ireferensi ngabagxeki, babhekwa njengezibonelo zokufunda umculo, "njengezinhlelo ezizwakalayo" ezithembekile. Lokhu kusebenza ngokulinganayo kumarekhodi akhe kanye nezincazelo zekhonsathi - umehluko lapha awubonakali kakhulu, ngoba ukucaca kwemiqondo kanye nokuphelela kokuqaliswa kwazo kucishe kulingane ehholo eligcwele abantu kanye ne-studio eyihlane. Lokhu kusebenza futhi emisebenzini yamafomu ahlukahlukene, izitayela, ama-eras - ukusuka e-Bach kuya e-Boulez. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Pollini akanabo ababhali abathandayo, noma yikuphi ukwenza "uchwepheshe", ngisho nokusikisela kwakho, kuyinto engavamile kuye.

Ukulandelana kokukhishwa kwamarekhodi akhe kukhuluma kakhulu. Uhlelo lukaChopin (1968) lulandelwa iSeventh Sonata kaProkofiev, izingcezwana ezivela kuStravinsky's Petrushka, Chopin futhi (zonke izifundo), bese kuba amakhonsathi agcwele eSchoenberg, Beethoven, bese kuba uMozart, Brahms, bese kuba Webern ... Mayelana nezinhlelo zekhonsathi, bese kuba lapho, Ngokwemvelo , ezihlukahlukene nakakhulu. I-Sonatas ka-Beethoven no-Schubert, iningi lezingoma zika-Schumann no-Chopin, amakhonsathi ka-Mozart no-Brahms, umculo wesikole "e-New Viennese", ngisho nezingcezu zika-K. Stockhausen no-L. Nono - lolu hlobo lwakhe. Futhi umgxeki othunjiwe akakaze athi uphumelela entweni eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye, ukuthi lesi noma leso sigaba singaphezu kwamandla omdlali wopiyano.

Ubheka ukuxhumana kwezikhathi emculweni, ekwenzeni ubuciko kubaluleke kakhulu kuye, ezicini eziningi ukunquma hhayi kuphela uhlobo lwe-repertoire nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo, kodwa futhi nesitayela sokusebenza. I-credo yakhe imi kanje: “Thina, otolika, kufanele silethe imisebenzi yama-classics nama-romantics eduze nokwazi komuntu wesimanje. Kufanele siqonde ukuthi umculo wakudala wawusho ukuthini ngesikhathi sawo. Ungakwazi, ukusho, ukuthola chord dissonant emculweni Beethoven noma Chopin: namuhla akuzwakali ikakhulukazi amadlingozi, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ncamashi! Sidinga nje ukuthola indlela yokudlala umculo ngokujabula njengoba wawuzwakala ngaleso sikhathi. Kufanele 'silihumushe'.” Ukwakhiwa okunjalo kombuzo ngokwakho akufaki nhlobo noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemnyuziyamu, incazelo engaqondakali; yebo, u-Pollini uzibona engumxhumanisi phakathi komqambi nomlaleli, kodwa hhayi njengomxhumanisi ongenandaba, kodwa njengomuntu onentshisekelo.

Isimo sengqondo sikaPollini ngomculo wesimanje sidinga ingxoxo ekhethekile. Umdwebi akamane aphendukele ezingoma ezidalwe namuhla, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo uzibheka njengesibopho sokwenza lokhu, futhi ukhetha lokho okubhekwa njengobunzima, okungajwayelekile kumlaleli, ngezinye izikhathi okuphikisanayo, futhi uzama ukuveza ukufaneleka kweqiniso, imizwa ephilayo enquma ukubaluleka noma yimuphi umculo. Kulokhu, incazelo yakhe yomculo we-Schoenberg, lapho izilaleli zaseSoviet zahlangana nazo, ziyinkomba. “Kimina, uSchoenberg akahlangene nendlela avame ukupendwa ngayo,” kusho umdwebi (ngokuhumusha okulukhuni, lokhu kufanele kusho ukuthi “udeveli akabi kangako njengoba ependiwe”). Impela, “isikhali somzabalazo” sika-Pollini esimelene nokungazwani kwangaphandle siba i-timbre enkulu ka-Pollini kanye nokuhlukahluka okuguquguqukayo kwephalethi ye-Pollinian, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ubuhle bemizwa obufihliwe kulo mculo. Ukunotha okufanayo komsindo, ukungabikho kokoma komshini, okubhekwa cishe njengemfanelo edingekayo yokusebenza komculo wesimanje, ikhono lokungena esakhiweni esiyinkimbinkimbi, ukuveza umbhalo ongezansi ngemuva kombhalo, umqondo wokucabanga nawo ubonakala. ngezinye izincazelo zayo.

Masenze ukubhuka: omunye umfundi angase acabange ukuthi uMaurizio Pollini ungumdlali wopiyano ophelele ngempela, njengoba engenawo amaphutha, akanabo ubuthakathaka, futhi kuvela ukuthi abagxeki babeqinisile, bembeka endaweni yokuqala ohlwini lwemibuzo oludumile, futhi lokhu Uhlu lwemibuzo ngokwalo luyisiqinisekiso kuphela sesimo sezinto esikhona. Yebo akunjalo. U-Pollini ungumdlali wopiyano omangalisayo, futhi mhlawumbe kakhulu ngisho naphakathi kwabashayi bopiyano abamangalisayo, kodwa lokhu akusho nhlobo ukuthi ungcono kakhulu. Phela, ngezinye izikhathi ukungabikho kobuthakathaka obubonakalayo, obuphelele bobuntu nakho kungase kuphenduke ukulahlekelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, thatha amarekhodi akhe akamuva e-First Concerto ka-Brahms kanye neka-Beethoven's Fourth.

Siwazisa kakhulu, isazi somculo esiyiNgisi uB. Morrison saphawula ngobuqotho: “Kunezilaleli eziningi ezingenayo imfudumalo nokuhluka komuntu ngamunye ekudlaleni kukaPollini; futhi kuyiqiniso, unomkhuba wokugcina umlaleli elingana naye”… Abagxeki, isibonelo, labo abajwayelene “nenhloso” yakhe yokuchaza i-Schumann Concerto bakhetha ngazwi linye incazelo ka-Emil Gilels eshisa kakhulu, ecebile ngokomzwelo. Ngumdlalo wakhe siqu, owine kanzima kwesinye isikhathi oshodayo emdlalweni wakhe ojulile, ojulile, ophucuziwe futhi olinganiselayo. “Ibhalansi kaPollini, vele, isiyinganekwane,” omunye wochwepheshe waphawula maphakathi nawo-70s, “kodwa kuya ngokuya kuba sobala ukuthi manje useqala ukukhokha inani eliphakeme lalokhu kuthenjwa. Ubuchule bakhe obucacile bombhalo bunezinto ezimbalwa ezilinganayo, ukuzwakala kwakhe kwemisindo esiliva, i-legato emnandi kanye namagama amahle kakhulu kuyahlaba umxhwele, kodwa, njengomfula i-Leta, ngezinye izikhathi angakwazi ukukhohlwa ... "

Ngamafuphi, uPollini, njengabanye, akanasono nhlobo. Kodwa njenganoma yimuphi umculi omkhulu, uzizwa "amaphuzu abuthakathaka", ubuciko bakhe bushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqondiswa kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa kufakazelwa nokubuyekezwa kwe-B. Morrison okukhulunywe ngayo kwelinye lamakhonsathi omculi waseLondon, lapho kudlalwa khona ama-sonatas kaSchubert: Ngakho-ke, ngiyajabula ukubika ukuthi kulobu busuku konke ukubhuka kwanyamalala njengokungathi ngomlingo, futhi abalaleli bathathwa umculo owawuzwakala sengathi usanda kusungulwa inhlangano yonkulunkulu eNtabeni i-Olympus.

Akungabazeki ukuthi amandla okudala ka-Maurizio Pollini awakaqedwa ngokuphelele. Isihluthulelo salokhu akukhona nje ukuzigxeka kwakhe, kodwa, mhlawumbe, ngezinga elikhulu nakakhulu, isikhundla sakhe sokuphila okusebenzayo. Ngokungafani nozakwabo abaningi, akafihli imibono yakhe yezombangazwe, uhlanganyela empilweni yomphakathi, ebona kwezobuciko enye yezinhlobo zalokhu kuphila, enye yezindlela zokushintsha umphakathi. U-Pollini uvame ukwenza hhayi kuphela emahholo amakhulu omhlaba, kodwa nasezimbonini nasezimbonini zase-Italy, lapho izisebenzi ezivamile zilalela khona. Kanye nabo, ulwa nokungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalakahle kanye nobuphekula, i-fascism kanye nezempi, kuyilapho esebenzisa amathuba lapho isikhundla somculi onegama lomhlaba wonke simvulela. Ekuqaleni kwawo-70s, wabangela isivunguvungu sangempela sokucasuka phakathi kwabaphendulayo lapho, phakathi namakhonsathi akhe, enxusa izethameli ngesicelo sokulwa nobudlova baseMelika eVietnam. “Lesi senzakalo,” njengoba umgxeki u-L. Pestalozza aphawula, “siguqule umqondo osunezimpande wendima yomculo nalabo abawenzayo.” Bazama ukumvimba, bamvimba ukuthi adlale kuMilan, bamthela ngodaka emaphephandabeni. Kodwa iqiniso laphumelela.

UMaurizio Pollini ufuna ugqozi endleleni eya kubalaleli; uyayibona incazelo nokuqukethwe komsebenzi wakhe entandweni yeningi. Futhi lokhu kuvundisa ubuciko bakhe ngamajusi amasha. “Kimina, umculo omnandi uhlale unezinguquko,” usho kanje. Futhi ubuciko bakhe buhambisana nentando yeningi - akulona ize ukuthi akesabi ukunikeza izethameli ezisebenzayo uhlelo oluhlanganiswe nezingoma zokugcina zikaBeethoven, futhi azidlale ngendlela yokuthi abalaleli abangenalwazi balalele lo mculo ngomoya ophansi. “Kimina kubukeka kubaluleke kakhulu ukwandisa izethameli zamakhonsathi, ukuze sihehe abantu abaningi emculweni. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi iciko lingawusekela lo mkhuba… Ngikhuluma nendilinga entsha yabalaleli, ngingathanda ukudlala izinhlelo lapho umculo wesimanje oza kuqala khona, noma okungenani wethulwe ngokugcwele njengokuthi; nomculo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX. Ngiyazi ukuthi kuzwakala kuyinhlekisa uma umdlali wopiyano ozinikele kakhulu emculweni omnandi wakudala nowothando esho into efana naleyo. Kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi indlela yethu ilele kuleli cala. ”

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya., 1990