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Ngomqondo obanzi wegama, noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kombhalo womculo womculo womculo, ukuphishekela imigomo ethile, isibonelo. umshini owenziwe. okwenziwa ngabathandi bomculo abangenabo ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, obusetshenziswa kwezemfundo kanye nezokufundisa. ukuzijwayeza, ukusebenza kwabanye ngokubunjwa kwabadlali, ukwenziwa kwesimanje kokukhiqiza. njll. Kuze kube cishe ngekhulu le-18. U-O. wayebhekwa njengento elingana nomsebenzi womqambi wokuqala, kodwa ngesikhathi esilandelayo, mayelana nokubaluleka okwandayo komuntu oqala emculweni, kwaba indawo yesibili, yesibili. Noma kunjalo, u-O., okungewona umsebenzi wezandla kuphela, uyinto ye-copyright.

Ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kutholwa ngu-O. onekhanda elilodwa. amasampula omculo. Esikhathini esedlule eNtshonalanga Yurophu. umculo wasakazwa nge-polyphonic. O. izingoma zikaGregory; wonke ama-polygonal. umculo ngaphambi kwekhulu le-16 wadalwa ngesisekelo esinjalo O. Ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20. ukubaluleka okukhulu okutholwe O. nar. imiculo, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuvumelana kwawo, kodwa empeleni kuhlanganisa ukudala Nar. izingoma ezihambisana nensimbi ethile noma izinsimbi ezeqa ukulandelana okulula kwamaculo. Izingoma zikaShe R. zadlalwa abaningi. abaqambi abanjengo-J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, J. Brahms, MA Balakirev, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Lyadov, nabanye. yakhiwe yisikhathi ngokuzimela. uhlobo, olwenziwa njalo kanye nezikhova. abaqambi. Amacala akhethekile okucubungula ikhanda elilodwa. umculo – ukwengeza ukuhambisana nezingoma ezibhalelwe ivayolini eyedwa, i-cello, njll. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukuhlelwa kukaF. Mendelssohn wevayolini eyedwa. ama-chaconnes ku-d-moll ka-JS Bach wevayolini ehambisana nopiyano, ehlelwa ngu-R. Schumann ngokwakhiwa okufanayo kwamaviyolini ayedwa. ama-sonata nama-suites ka-JS Bach (ukuba semthethweni kwe-O enjalo kuphikiswa abacwaningi abaningi).

O. i-polygonal. izingoma, ukuphishekela umgomo wokuzivumelanisa nokunye ukwakheka kwabadlali, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi. ukuhlelwa, ukuloba, kanye nasezimeni lapho umkhiqizo. icutshungulwe ukuze iculwe yi-orchestra - i-orchestration. Izibonelo zakuqala ze-O enjalo zihlotshaniswa nokufakwa kwe-wok. izingoma zokusebenza instr. izingoma (ikhulu le-14 kuya kwele-15; i-O. yokuqala yalolu hlobo ezehlela kithi ingeyesiNgisi ethi org. tablature, c. 1330); lo mkhuba wadlala indima ebalulekile ekubunjweni kwe-instr. umculo. I-Common kanye ne-O. enamakhanda amaningi. op., lapho ukwakheka kwabadlali kugcinwa khona. O. op enjalo. kwensimbi eyodwa, ngokuyinhloko i-pianoforte, ngokuvamile ifinyelela ekunciphiseni izindawo ezinzima kuzo noma, ngokuphambene, ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi komgomo we-virtuoso kuzo; uhlobo lokugcina lwe-O. luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi. okulotshiweyo. Ababhali bokulotshiwe bavame ukuletha izinto eziningi ezivela kwezabo. ubuntu bokudala. Abaphathi abavelele be-fp. imibhalo ebambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwe-FP. ubuhle, kwakunguF. Liszt, K. Tausig, F. Busoni, emkhakheni wevayolini. okulotshiweyo, umnikelo ka-F. Kreisler ubaluleke kakhulu. Isigaba esilandelayo yi-paraphrase - uhlobo lwefantasy yamahhala ye-virtuoso ezindikimbeni ze-K.-L. umkhiqizo.

Kuhle. kubadlali abaningi, kokubili abacula nabadlala izinsimbi, kuze kufike ku-opera. Ama-O anjalo, njengokungathi, okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqonda okusha komsebenzi ekukhanyeni kokudala. ukufakwa kombhali u-O., ngezinye izikhathi ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu, isibonelo. O. of the oratorio Acis and Galatea by Handel by VA Mozart, Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov by NA Rimsky-Korsakov, O. of the same opera and Mussorgsky's opera Khovanshchina by DD Shostakovich. E-USSR, i-O. yalolu hlobo ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi. izinhlelo.

References: (Ukucutshungulwa kwezingoma zomdabu), encwadini ethi: History of Russian Soviet Music, vol. 2-4, M., 1959-63.