UWilhelm Backhaus |
UWilhelm Backhaus
Umsebenzi wobuciko wenye yezinkanyiso zepiyano yomhlaba waqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, wenza i-debut ehlakaniphile eLondon futhi ngo-1900 wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala eYurophu; ngo-1905 waba ngumnqobi we-IV International Competition eqanjwe ngo-Anton Rubinstein eParis; ngo-1910 wabhala amarekhodi akhe okuqala; Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, wayesevele ejabulela udumo olukhulu e-USA, eNingizimu Melika nase-Australia. Igama nesithombe se-Backhaus singabonakala eNcwadini Yegolide Yomculo eyanyatheliswa eJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lethu leminyaka. Ingabe lokhu akusho ukuthi, umfundi angase abuze, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa i-Backhouse njengomdlali wopiyano “wesimanje” kuphela ngezizathu ezingokomthetho, ekhumbula ubude obucishe bube bungakaze bubonwe bomsebenzi wakhe, owathatha cishe amashumi ayisikhombisa eminyaka? Cha, ubuciko be-Backhaus empeleni bungokwesikhathi sethu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi eminyakeni yakhe enciphayo umculi akazange "aqedele eyakhe", kodwa wayephezu kwempumelelo yakhe yokudala. Kodwa into esemqoka akukhona ngisho nalokhu, kodwa eqinisweni lokuthi sona kanye isitayela sokudlala kwakhe nesimo sengqondo sabalaleli kuye kula mashumi eminyaka abonisa izinqubo eziningi eziyisici sokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bepiyano besimanje, zifana ne ibhuloho elixhumanisa upiyano lwesikhathi esidlule nezinsuku zethu.
U-Backhouse akakaze afunde e-conservatory, akazange athole imfundo ehlelekile. Ngo-1892, umqhubi u-Arthur Nikisch wenza lokhu kungena ku-albhamu yomfana oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili: "Odlala i-Bach enkulu kangaka ngokuqinisekile uzozuza okuthile empilweni." Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Backhaus wayesanda kuqala ukuthatha izifundo kuthisha waseLeipzig u-A. Reckendorf, afunda naye kwaze kwaba ngu-1899. Kodwa wacabangela uyise wangempela ongokomoya u-E. d'Albert, owamuzwa okokuqala njenge-13-- umfana oneminyaka ubudala futhi isikhathi eside wamsiza ngezeluleko ezinobungane.
U-Backhouse wangena empilweni yakhe yobuciko njengomculi ozinzile. Ngokushesha waqoqa i-repertoire enkulu futhi wayaziwa ngokuthi i-virtuoso emangalisayo ekwazi ukunqoba noma yiziphi izinkinga zobuchwepheshe. Wayenedumela elinjalo lapho efika eRussia ekupheleni kuka-1910 futhi waba nombono omuhle. “Umdlali wopiyano osemusha,” kubhala uYu. U-Engel, “okokuqala nje, “unezimfanelo” eziyingqayizivele zopiyano: ithoni emnandi (ngaphakathi kwensimbi) emnandi; lapho kudingekile - okunamandla, okuzwakalayo, ngaphandle kokuklabalasa nokuklabalasa; ibhulashi elihle kakhulu, ukuguquguquka komthelela, amasu ajwayelekile amangalisayo. Kodwa into ejabulisa kakhulu ukukhululeka kwale nqubo engavamile. I-Backhouse inyukela phezulu hhayi ngezithukuthuku zebunzi lakhe, kodwa kalula, njengo-Efimov endizeni, ukuze ukwenyuka kokuzethemba okujabulisayo kudluliselwe kumlaleli ngokuzenzakalelayo ... umculi osemusha ngezinye izikhathi kumane kusimangaze. Udonse amehlo esiqeshini sokuqala sohlelo – i-Chromatic Fantasy ne-Fugue ka-Bach edlalwa kahle kakhulu. Konke e-Backhouse akugcini nje ngokukhazimulayo, kodwa futhi endaweni yayo, ngokuhleleka okuphelele. Maye! - ngezinye izikhathi kuhle kakhulu! Ngakho ngifuna ukuphinda amazwi kaBülow komunye wabafundi: “Ayi, ai, ai! Bancane kakhulu - futhi sebevele behlelekile! Lokhu kuhluzeka kwakuphawuleka ngokukhethekile, ngezinye izikhathi ngangilungele ukusho ukuthi - ukoma, ku-Chopin ... Omunye umculi wopiyano omdala omangalisayo, lapho ebuzwa ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze abe virtuoso wangempela, waphendula buthule, kodwa ngokomfanekiso: wakhomba izandla zakhe, ikhanda, inhliziyo. Futhi kubonakala kimi ukuthi i-Backhouse ayinakho ukuvumelana okuphelele kulo zintathu; izandla ezimangalisayo, ikhanda elihle kanye nenhliziyo enempilo, kodwa engazweli engahambisani nazo. Lo mbono wabiwe ngokugcwele ngabanye ababuyekezi. Ephephandabeni elithi “Golos” umuntu angafunda ukuthi “imidlalo yakhe ayinakho ukukhanga, amandla emizwelo: icishe yome ngezinye izikhathi, futhi ngokuvamile lokhu komile, ukuntuleka komzwelo kuvela phambili, kusitha uhlangothi oluhle kakhulu lwe-virtuoso.” “Kukhona ukukhalipha okwanele emdlalweni wakhe, kukhona nomculo, kodwa ukudluliswa kwawo akushiswa umlilo wangaphakathi. Ukukhanya okubandayo, okungcono kakhulu, kungamangaza, kodwa kungakhangi. Umbono wakhe wobuciko awungeni njalo ekujuleni kombhali,” sifunda ekubuyekezeni kukaG. Timofeev.
Ngakho-ke, i-Backhouse yangena enkundleni ye-pianistic njenge-virtuoso ehlakaniphile, ehlakaniphile, kodwa ebandayo, futhi lo mqondo omncane - ngedatha ecebile kakhulu - yamvimbela ukuba afinyelele ukuphakama kweqiniso kwezobuciko amashumi eminyaka amaningi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphakama kodumo. U-Backhouse unikeze amakhonsathi ngokungakhathali, waphinda wadlala cishe zonke izincwadi zepiyano kusukela ku-Bach kuya ku-Reger no-Debussy, ngezinye izikhathi wayephumelela kakhulu - kodwa engasekho. Akazange ngisho aqhathaniswe “nabakhulu baleli zwe” - nabahumushi. Ukukhokha intela ngokunemba, ukunemba, abagxeki bahlambalaza umculi ngokudlala yonke into ngendlela efanayo, ngokunganaki, ukuthi wayengakwazi ukuveza isimo sakhe sengqondo kumculo owenziwayo. Umshayi wopiyano owaziwayo kanye nesazi somculo uW. Niemann waphawula ngo-1921: “Isibonelo esifundisayo lapho i-neoclassicism iholela khona ngokungakhathali kwengqondo nangokomoya kanye nokunaka okwandisiwe kwezobuchwepheshe umshayi wopiyano waseLeipzig uWilhelm Backhaus … Umoya ozokwazi ukuthuthukisa isipho esiyigugu esitholiwe. kusukela emvelweni , umoya ozokwenza umsindo ube ukubonakaliswa kwengaphakathi elicebile nelicabangelayo, awukho. U-Backhouse wayenguchwepheshe wezemfundo futhi usalokhu ewuchwepheshe. " Lo mbono wabelwa abagxeki baseSoviet ngesikhathi sokuvakasha komdwebi e-USSR ngeminyaka yama-20s.
Lokhu kwaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka, kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwawo-50s. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukubukeka kwe-Backhouse kwahlala kungashintshile. Kodwa ngokungagunci, isikhathi eside ngokungabonakali, kwakukhona inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yobuciko bakhe, ehlobene eduze nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu. Isimiso esingokomoya, sokuziphatha savela ngamandla nakakhulu, ukulula okuhlakaniphile kwaqala ukubusa phezu kobuhlakani bangaphandle, ukucacisa - ngaphezu kokunganaki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-repertoire yomculi nayo yashintsha: izingcezu ze-virtuoso cishe zanyamalala ezinhlelweni zakhe (manje zase zigcinelwe ama-encores), uBeethoven wathatha indawo eyinhloko, elandelwa nguMozart, Brahms, Schubert. Futhi kwenzeka ukuthi eminyakeni engu-50, umphakathi, njengokungathi, waphinde wathola u-Backhaus, wamqaphela njengomunye we "Beethovenists" ephawulekayo yesikhathi sethu.
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi indlela evamile idlulile isuka kumuntu okhaliphile, kodwa ongenalutho, obuningi bayo ngaso sonke isikhathi, yayiswa kumdwebi wangempela? Akunjalo neze ngaleyo ndlela. Iqiniso liwukuthi izimiso zokwenziwa komdwebi zahlala zingashintshile kuyo yonke le ndlela. I-Backhouse ihlale igcizelela isimo sesibili - ngokombono wakhe - wobuciko bokuhumusha umculo ngokuphathelene nokudalwa kwawo. Wabona kumdwebi “umhumushi” kuphela, umlamuli phakathi komqambi nomlaleli, obekwe njengomgomo wakhe oyinhloko, uma kungewona ukuphela komgomo, ukudluliselwa komoya kanye nohlamvu lombhalo wombhali - ngaphandle kokungezwa okuvela kuye, ngaphandle kokubonisa ubuciko bakhe "I". Eminyakeni yobusha bomculi, lapho ukukhula kwakhe kopiyano ngisho nokukhula komculo kudlula kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu bakhe, lokhu kwaholela ekomeni ngokomzwelo, ukungabi nabuntu, ukungabi nalutho kwangaphakathi kanye nezinye iziphambeko eziphawulwe kakade zomculo wepiyano we-Backhouse. Khona-ke, njengoba umdwebi ekhula ngokomoya, ubuntu bakhe ngokungenakugwenywa, naphezu kwanoma yiziphi izimemezelo nokubala, baqala ukushiya umbhalo encazelweni yakhe. Lokhu akwenzanga nakancane ukuhumusha kwakhe ukuthi “kuthandeke kakhulu”, akuzange kuholele ekucabangeni - lapha u-Backhouse wahlala ethembekile kuye; kodwa umqondo omangalisayo wezilinganiso, ukuhlotshaniswa kwemininingwane kanye nakho konke, ubulula obuqinile nobubabazekayo kanye nokuhlanzeka okungokomoya kobuciko bakhe kwavuleka ngokungenakuphikwa, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwabo kwaholela entandweni yeningi, ukufinyeleleka, okwamlethela impumelelo entsha, ehluke ngokwekhwalithi kunangaphambili. .
Izici ezinhle kakhulu ze-Backhaus ziphuma ngokukhululeka okukhulu ekuchazeni kwakhe i-sonatas ka-Beethoven sekwephuzile - incazelo ehlanjululwe kunoma yikuphi ukuthinta kwemizwelo, ama-pathos angamanga, angaphansi kokudalulwa kwesakhiwo esingokomfanekiso somqambi, ukunotha kwemicabango yomqambi. Njengoba omunye wabacwaningi ephawulile, ngezinye izikhathi kubalaleli be-Backhouse kwakubonakala sengathi ufana nombhidisi owehlisa izandla futhi wanika i-orchestra ithuba lokuzidlalela yodwa. “Lapho uBackhaus edlala uBeethoven, uBeethoven ukhuluma nathi, hhayi uBackhaus,” kubhala isazi somculo esidumile saseAustria uK. Blaukopf. Hhayi nje kuphela uBeethoven ongasekho, kodwa noMozart, uHaydn, uBrahms, uSchubert. U-Schumann wathola kulo mculi umhumushi ovelele ngempela, okwathi ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wahlanganisa ubuhle nokuhlakanipha.
Ngobulungiswa, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ngisho naseminyakeni yakhe yokugcina - futhi kwakuyindumezulu ye-Backhouse - akazange aphumelele kukho konke ngokulinganayo. Indlela yakhe yaphenduka yaba yi-organic kancane, ngokwesibonelo, lapho isetshenziswa emculweni kaBeethoven wangenkathi yokuqala ngisho naphakathi nendawo, lapho ukufudumala okwengeziwe kwemizwa kanye nenganekwane kuyadingeka kumculi. Omunye umbuyekezi waphawula ukuthi “lapho uBeethoven esho kancane, uBackhouse cishe akukho angakusho.”
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi siye sasivumela ukuba sibheke kabusha ubuciko be-Backhaus. Kwaba sobala ukuthi “injongo” yakhe yayiwuhlobo oluthile lokusabela ekuthakaseleni okuvamile ngemidlalo yothando ngisho “nothando olukhulu kakhulu,” isici senkathi ephakathi kwezimpi zezwe ezimbili. Futhi, mhlawumbe, kwakungemva kokuba lo mdlandla waqala ukuncipha lapho sakwazi ukwazisa izinto eziningi e-Backhouse. Ngakho omunye womagazini baseJalimane wayengafanele neze ekubizeni uBackhaus encwadini yezidumbu “ngowokugcina kubadlali bopiyano abakhulu benkathi edlule.” Kunalokho, wayengomunye wabadlali bopiyano bokuqala benkathi yamanje.
“Ngingathanda ukudlala umculo kuze kube yizinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwami,” kusho uBackhouse. Iphupho lakhe lafezeka. Iminyaka eyishumi nengxenye edlule ibe yinkathi yokuthuthuka okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili empilweni yeciko. Wagubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-70 ngohambo olukhulu oluya e-USA (waluphinda eminyakeni emibili kamuva); ngo-1957 wadlala wonke amakhonsathi kaBeethoven eRoma ngobusuku obubili. Ngemva kwalokho ephazamise umsebenzi wakhe iminyaka emibili ("ukubeka inqubo ngendlela"), umculi waphinde wavela phambi komphakathi kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bakhe. Hhayi kumakhonsathi kuphela, kodwa nangesikhathi sokuzilolonga, akakaze adlale ngenhliziyo egcwele, kodwa, ngokuphambene, wayehlale efuna ama-tempos afanele kubaqhubi. Wakubheka njengendaba yokuhlonipha kuze kube yizinsuku zakhe zokugcina ukuba abe nemidlalo egciniwe, ukuze ahlanganiswe, emidlalweni enzima efana nekaLiszt's Campanella noma imibhalo kaLiszt yezingoma zikaSchubert. Ngama-60s, kwakhululwa ukuqoshwa okwengeziwe kwe-Backhouse; amarekhodi alesi sikhathi athatha incazelo yakhe yawo wonke ama-sonata namakhonsathi kaBeethoven, imisebenzi kaHaydn, Mozart kanye neBrahms. Ngosuku olwandulela usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-85, umdwebi wadlala ngentshiseko enkulu e-Vienna i-Second Brahms Concerto, ayenza okokuqala ngo-1903 no-H. Richter. Ekugcineni, ezinsukwini eziyi-8 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wenza ikhonsathi emkhosini waseCarinthian Summer e-Ostia futhi waphinda wadlala, njengenjwayelo, ngendlela emangalisayo. Kodwa ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kungazelelwe kwamvimbela ukuba aqedele uhlelo, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva umculi omangalisayo wafa.
UWilhelm Backhaus akazange asishiye isikole. Wayengathandi futhi engafuni ukufundisa. Imbalwa imizamo - eKing's College eManchester (1905), iSonderhausen Conservatory (1907), iPhiladelphia Curtis Institute (1925 - 1926) ayishiyanga mkhondo emlandweni wakhe. Wayengenabo abafundi. “Ngimatasa kakhulu ukuba ngingakwazi ukwenza lokhu,” esho. "Uma nginesikhathi, u-Backhouse ngokwakhe uba umfundi wami engimthandayo." Washo ngaphandle kokuma, ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa. Futhi walwela ukuphelela kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, efunda emculweni.
Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.
