Alexander Dmitrievich Kastalsky |
Alexander Kastalsky
Umqambi waseRussia, umqhubi wamakwaya, umcwaningi wezinganekwane zomculo waseRussia; omunye wabaqalisi balokhu okuthiwa. "Isiqondiso esisha" emculweni ongcwele waseRussia ngasekupheleni kwe-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Wazalelwa eMoscow ngoNovemba 16 (28), 1856 emndenini wompristi. Ngo-1876-1881 wafunda eMoscow Conservatory, kodwa waqeda izifundo eminyakeni eminingi kamuva - ngo-1893 ekilasini lokuqamba le-SI Taneev. Kwaphela isikhathi efundisa futhi eqhuba amakhwaya ehlukene ezifundazweni. Kusukela ngo-1887 wayenguthisha wepiyano eSinodal School of Church Singing, khona-ke waba umsizi womqondisi weSynodal Choir, kusukela ngo-1900 wayengumqhubi, kusukela ngo-1910 wayengumqondisi weSinodal School kanye nekhwaya. Ngemva kokuba lesi sikole siguqulwe saba yiPeople's Choir Academy ngo-1918, wasiqondisa kwaze kwaba yilapho sivalwa ngo-1923. Kusukela ngo-1922, wayenguprofesa eMoscow Conservatory, umqondisi womnyango wombhidisi namakhwaya, futhi eyinhloko yomnyango womculo wesintu. . Kastalsky wafa eMoscow ngoDisemba 17, 1926.
U-Kastalsky ungumbhali wemisebenzi namalungiselelo angcwele angaba ngu-200, okwakha isisekelo sekhwaya (kanye nekhonsathi enkulu) repertoire ye-Synodal Choir ngeminyaka yawo-1900. Umqambi waba ngowokuqala ukufakazela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingoma zasendulo zaseRussia nezindlela ze-polyphony yabantu abampofu, kanye namasiko athuthukiswe ekusebenzeni kwe-kliros, kanye nolwazi lwesikole somqambi waseRussia. Ngokuvamile, uKastalsky wayebizwa ngokuthi "Vasnetsov emculweni", ebhekisela ngokuyinhloko emdwebeni ka-VM Vasnetsov we-Vladimir Cathedral e-Kyiv, owabuyisela amasiko e-fresco enkulu ngesitayela sezwe: isitayela somculo ongcwele waseKastalsky, lapho umugqa phakathi ukuhlelwa (ukucutshungulwa) kwezingoma zendabuko nokubhala ngomoya wazo, futhi okuphawulwa ngombono kanye nokuqina. Njengomqondisi we-Synodal School, uKastalsky wenza ukuguqulwa kwakhe ku-Academy of Church Music, ngokuqeqeshwa ezinhlelweni ezidlula izinga le-conservatory.
Isiqondiso esibalulekile somsebenzi wakhe "ukubuyiselwa komculo": ikakhulukazi, wenza ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedrama yaseRussia yasendulo "Isenzo Somgede"; emjikelezweni othi “Kusukela Enkathini Edlule” ubuciko baseMpumalanga Yasendulo, iHellas, iRoma Lasendulo, iJudiya, iRussia, njll. buvezwa ezithombeni zomculo. U-Kastalsky udale isikhumbuzo se-cantata-requiem sabahlabeleli, ikwaya kanye ne-orchestra “Isikhumbuzo Sobuzalwane Samaqhawe Awa Empini Enkulu” (1916; ekhumbula amasosha amabutho ahlangene eMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngesiRashiya, isiLatini, isiNgisi kanye nesiNgisi. eminye imibhalo; uhlelo lwesibili lwekhwaya ngaphandle kokuphelezelwa - "Inkumbulo Yaphakade" embhalweni wenkonzo yesikhumbuzo yeSonto LamaSlavonic, 1917). Umbhali wamahubo aqanjwe ngokukhethekile ekubekweni kukaMphathi uTikhon esihlalweni sobukhosi eMkhandlwini Wendawo Wesonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia ngo-1917-1918. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yezwe kukhona i-opera ethi Klara Milich eyalandela uTurgenev (1907, eyadlalwa eZimin Opera ngo-1916), Izingoma ezikhuluma ngeMotherland kumavesi ezimbongi zaseRussia zekhwaya engaphelezelwa muntu (1901-1903). U-Kastalsky ungumbhali wezincwadi zethiyori eziyingqayizivele ze-Russian Folk Musical System (1923) kanye ne-Fundamentals of Folk Polyphony (eyanyatheliswa ngo-1948). Ngo isinyathelo sakhe, izifundo zomculo wesintu yethulwa kuqala e-Synodal School, bese eMoscow Conservatory.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1920, uKastalsky wazama ngobuqotho isikhathi esithile ukuhlangabezana "nezidingo zesimanje" futhi wadala imisebenzi eminingana engaphumelelanga yekhwaya ne-orchestra yezinsimbi zomculo, "Agricultural Symphony", njll, kanye namalungiselelo eSoviet "revolutionary" izingoma. Isikhathi eside umsebenzi wakhe ongokomoya wawungasekho ezweni lakubo; Namuhla, uKastalsky ubhekwa njengengcweti "yenkambiso entsha" yomculo wesonto laseRussia.
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