Arthur Schnabel |

Arthur Schnabel

Ikhulu lethu laphawula ingqopha-mlando enkulu emlandweni wezobuciko obudlalwayo: ukusungulwa kokuqoshwa komsindo kwawushintsha kakhulu umqondo wabadlali, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka “ukuqinisa” futhi kugcizelelwe unomphela noma yikuphi ukuhunyushwa, okwenza kube indawo yabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi kuphela, kodwa nezizukulwane ezizayo. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqoshwa komsindo kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzizwa ngamandla avuselelwe kanye nokucaca ukuthi ukusebenza kahle, ukuhumusha, njengendlela yobuciko bobuciko, kuhambisana nesikhathi: lokho okwake kwabonakala njengesambulo, njengoba iminyaka ihamba ikhula ngokungenakuvinjelwa. endala; okwabangela injabulo, ngezinye izikhathi kushiya ukudideka kuphela. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi, kodwa kukhona okuhlukile - abaculi abanobuciko obuqinile futhi obuphelele kangangokuthi abungaphansi "kokugqwala". U-Artur Schnabel wayengumculi onjalo. Ukudlala kwakhe, okulondolozwe kumarekhodi aqoshiwe, kushiya namuhla umbono oqinile futhi ojulile njengangaleyo minyaka lapho ecula esiteji sekhonsathi.

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Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, u-Arthur Schnabel wahlala ewuhlobo lwezinga - izinga lokuhlonishwa nokuhlanzeka kwakudala kwesitayela, okuqukethwe kanye nengokomoya eliphezulu lokusebenza, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuchazeni umculo kaBeethoven noSchubert; nokho, ekuchazeni iMozart noma iBrahms, bambalwa ababengaqhathaniswa naye.

Kulabo ababemazi kuphela kumanothi - futhi lezi, yiqiniso, iningi namuhla - u-Schnabel ubonakala eyisikhumbuzo, isibalo se-titanic. Ngaleso sikhathi, empilweni yangempela wayeyindoda emfishane enogwayi ofanayo emlonyeni wakhe, futhi ikhanda nezandla kuphela zazizinkulu ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngokuvamile, akafanelanga nhlobo umqondo ogxilile "wenkanyezi ye-pop" yama-XNUMX: akukho lutho lwangaphandle ngendlela yokudlala, akukho ukunyakaza okungadingekile, ukuthinta komzimba, ukuma. Nokho, lapho ehlala phansi ensimbini futhi ethatha izingoma zokuqala, kwathula ukuthula okucashile ehholo. Isibalo sakhe nomdlalo wakhe kwaveza leyo ntelezi eyingqayizivele, ekhethekile eyamenza waba umuntu odumile ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Le nganekwane isasekelwa "ubufakazi bezinto ezibonakalayo" ngendlela yamarekhodi amaningi, ithwetshulwe ngokweqiniso encwadini yakhe ethi "My Life and Music"; I-halo yakhe iyaqhubeka nokusekelwa inqwaba yabafundi abasesezikhundleni eziholayo emkhathizwe wokudlala upiyano emhlabeni. Yebo, ezicini eziningi u-Schnabel angathathwa njengomdali wophiyano olusha, lwesimanje - hhayi nje ngoba wadala isikole esihle sopiyano, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi ubuciko bakhe, njengobuciko be-Rachmaninoff, babungaphambi kwesikhathi sakho ...

U-Schnabel, njengokungathi, wathatha, wahlanganisa futhi wathuthukisa kwezobuciko bakhe izici ezinhle kakhulu zopiyano lwekhulu lesi-XNUMX - isikhumbuzo samaqhawe, ububanzi bobubanzi - izici ezimsondeza kubameleli abahamba phambili besiko lopiyano laseRussia. Akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi ngaphambi kokungena ekilasini likaT. Leshetitsky eVienna, wafunda isikhathi eside ngaphansi kokuqondisa komkakhe, umshayi wepiyano ovelele waseRussia u-A. Esipova. Endlini yabo, wabona abaculi abaningi abakhulu, kuhlanganise no-Anton Rubinstein, uBrahms. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, umfana wayesevele engumculi ophelele, lapho ukunakwa komdlalo kwakudonselwa ngokuyinhloko ekujuleni kwengqondo, okungavamile kakhulu kumntwana osemusha. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi i-repertoire yakhe yayihlanganisa ama-sonata ka-Schubert kanye nezingoma zikaBrahms, okuyinto ngisho nabaculi abanolwazi abangavamile ukuyidlala. Igama elithi Leshetitsky alisho ku-Schnabel osemusha naye wangena enganekwaneni: "Awusoze waba umdlali wopiyano. Ingabe ungumculi!” Ngempela, u-Schnabel akazange abe "i-virtuoso", kodwa ithalenta lakhe njengomculi lembulwa ngokugcwele kwamagama, kodwa emkhakheni we-pianoforte.

U-Schnabel wenza i-debut yakhe ngo-1893, waphothula e-Conservatory ngo-1897, lapho igama lakhe lase laziwa kabanzi. Ukwakheka kwakhe kwenziwe lula kakhulu wukuthanda kwakhe umculo we-chamber. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1919, wasungula iSchnabel Trio, eyayihlanganisa nomshayi wevayolini u-A. Wittenberg kanye nomshayi wamaseli u-A. Hecking; kamuva wadlala kakhulu nomdlali wevayolini u-K. Flesch; phakathi kwabalingani bakhe kwakukhona umculi uTeresa Behr, owaba unkosikazi walo mculi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uSchnabel wathola igunya njengomfundisi; ngo-1925 waklonyeliswa ngesihloko sokuba uprofesa ohlonishwayo eBerlin Conservatory, futhi kusukela kwangama-20 wafundisa ikilasi lepiyano eBerlin Higher School of Music. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, iminyaka eminingi Schnabel akazange abe nempumelelo enkulu njengoba soloist. Emuva ekuqaleni kwawo-1927, ngezinye izikhathi kwakudingeka acule emahholo angenalutho eYurophu, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu eMelika; ngokusobala, isikhathi sokuhlolwa okufanelekile komculi asifikanga ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa kancane kancane udumo lwakhe luqala ukukhula. Ngo-100, wagubha iminyaka engama-32 kokufa kwesithixo sakhe, uBeethoven, okokuqala enza wonke ama-sonata akhe ka-1928 emjikelezweni owodwa, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva waba ngowokuqala emlandweni ukuwaqopha wonke kumarekhodi - ngo. ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi owawungakaze ubonwe owawudinga iminyaka emine! Ngo-100, ngonyaka we-1924 wokushona kuka-Schubert, wadlala umjikelezo owawuhlanganisa cishe zonke izingoma zakhe zopiyano. Ngemva kwalokho, ekugcineni, ukuqashelwa kwendawo yonke kwafika kuye. Lo mculi waziswa kakhulu ezweni lakithi (lapho kusukela ngo-1935 kuya ku-XNUMX enikeza amakhonsathi ngokuphindaphindiwe ngempumelelo enkulu), ngoba abathandi bomculo baseSoviet bahlale bebeka indawo yokuqala futhi bazisa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukunotha kobuciko. Wayethanda nokucula e-USSR, ephawula "isiko elikhulu lomculo nothando lwabantu abaningi bomculo" ezweni lakithi.

Ngemva kokubusa kwamaNazi, ekugcineni uSchnabel walishiya iJalimane, wahlala isikhathi esithile e-Italy, wabe esehlala eLondon, futhi ngokushesha wathuthela e-United States ngesimemo sika-S. Koussevitzky, lapho athola khona uthando emhlabeni wonke ngokushesha. Wahlala khona kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Umculi ushone kungazelelwe, ngosuku olwandulela ukuqala kolunye uhambo olukhulu lwekhonsathi.

I-repertoire kaSchnabel yayiyinhle, kodwa inganqunyelwe. Abafundi bakhumbula ukuthi ezifundweni umeluleki wabo wadlala ngenhliziyo cishe zonke izincwadi zepiyano, futhi eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala ezinhlelweni zakhe umuntu angahlangana namagama othando - uLiszt, Chopin, Schumann. Kodwa njengoba esefinyelele ukuvuthwa, u-Schnabel wazibekela umkhawulo ngamabomu futhi walethela izethameli kuphela okwakuseduze kakhulu naye - uBeethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Brahms. Yena ngokwakhe wakhuthaza lokhu ngaphandle kokuxoxa: “Ngakubheka njengelungelo ukuzivalela endaweni enezintaba eziphakeme, lapho kuvuleka khona amasha ngokwengeziwe ngemva kwentaba ngayinye.”

Udumo lukaSchnabel lwalulukhulu. Kodwa noma kunjalo, abashisekeli be-piano virtuosity babengakwazi njalo ukwamukela impumelelo yomculi futhi bavumelane nayo. Baphawule, hhayi ngaphandle kobubi, yonke “stroke”, yonke imizamo ebonakalayo, esetshenziswa yibo ukuze banqobe ubunzima obuphakanyiswe yi-Appassionata, amakhonsathi noma ama-sonatas kaBeethoven angasekho. Waphinde wasolwa ngokuhlakanipha ngokweqile, ukomisa. Yebo, akazange abe nedatha emangalisayo ye-Backhouse noma i-Levin, kodwa azikho izinselele zobuchwepheshe ezazingenakunqotshwa kuye. "Kuqinisekile ukuthi u-Schnabel akakaze abe nobuchule be-virtuoso. Akazange afune ukuba naye; wayengakudingi, ngoba eminyakeni yakhe engcono kakhulu kwakukhona okuncane ayengathanda, kodwa wayengakwazi ukukwenza, "kubhala u-A. Chesins. Ubuhle bakhe banele ngokwanele kumarekhodi okugcina, enziwe ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ngo-1950, futhi ebonisa incazelo yakhe ye-impromptu ka-Schubert. Kwakuhlukile - uSchnabel wahlala ngokuyinhloko engumculi. Into eyinhloko emdlalweni wakhe kwakuwumqondo ongenakuphikiswa wesitayela, ukugxila kwefilosofi, ukuvezwa kwenkulumo, ukuqina. Yilezi zimfanelo ezanquma ijubane lakhe, isigqi sakhe - sinembile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa hhayi "i-metro-rhythmic", umqondo wakhe wokwenza uwonke. UChasins uyaqhubeka: “Ukudlala kukaSchnabel kwakunezimfanelo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ubehlale ehlakaniphe ngendlela encomekayo futhi eveza obala. Amakhonsathi akwaSchnabel ayengafani namanye. Usenze sakhohlwa ngabadlali, ngesiteji, ngopiyano. Wasiphoqa ukuthi sizinikele ngokuphelele emculweni, sihlanganyele ngokucwiliswa kwakhe.

Kodwa kukho konke lokho, ezingxenyeni ezihamba kancane, emculweni "olula", uSchnabel wayengenakuqhathaniswa ngempela: yena, njengabantu abambalwa, wayazi indlela yokuphefumula incazelo emculweni olula, ukubiza inkulumo ngokubaluleka okukhulu. Amazwi akhe ayaphawuleka: “Izingane zivunyelwe ukudlala iMozart, ngoba iMozart inamanothi ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa; abantu abadala bayakugwema ukudlala iMozart ngoba yonke inothi ibiza kakhulu.”

Umthelela wokudlala kukaSchnabel wathuthukiswa kakhulu umsindo wakhe. Lapho kudingeka, yayithambile, i-velvety, kodwa uma izimo zifuna, kwakuvela umthunzi wensimbi kuyo; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukhahlo noma ukudelela kwakungajwayelekile kuye, futhi noma yikuphi ukukhuphuka okunamandla kwakungaphansi kwezidingo zomculo, incazelo yawo, ukuthuthukiswa kwawo.

Umgxeki waseJalimane uH. Weier-Wage uyabhala: “Ngokuphambene nokuthanda ukucasuka kwabanye abadlali bopiyano abakhulu besikhathi sakhe (ngokwesibonelo, u-d’Albert noma uPembaur, uNey noma u-Edwin Fischer), ukudlala kwakhe njalo kwakunikeza umbono wokuzithiba nokuzolile. . Akazange avumele imizwa yakhe ukuba ibaleke, ukukhuluma kwakhe kwahlala kufihliwe, ngezinye izikhathi kucishe kubande, kodwa nokho kwakukude kakhulu “nomgomo” omsulwa. Indlela yakhe ekhaliphile yabonakala ibona kusengaphambili izinhloso zezizukulwane ezalandela, kodwa yayihlala iyindlela yokuxazulula umsebenzi wobuciko ophezulu.

Ifa lika-Artur Schnabel lihlukahlukene. Usebenze kakhulu futhi enezithelo njengomhleli. Ngo-1935, kwaphuma umsebenzi oyisisekelo - uhlelo lwawo wonke ama-sonatas kaBeethoven, lapho afingqa khona ulwazi lwezizukulwane ezimbalwa zabahumushi futhi waveza imibono yakhe yasekuqaleni mayelana nokuchazwa komculo kaBeethoven.

Umsebenzi womqambi uthatha indawo ekhetheke kakhulu ku-biography kaSchnabel. Le “classic” eqinile ophiyano futhi eshisekela ezakudala wayengumhloli oshisekayo emculweni wakhe. Izingoma zakhe - futhi phakathi kwazo ikhonsathi yepiyano, i-quartet yezintambo, i-cello sonata nezingcezu ze-pianoforte - ngezinye izikhathi ziyamangaza ngobunkimbinkimbi bolimi, izinkambo ezingalindelekile endaweni ye-athonal.

Kodwa-ke, inani eliyinhloko, eliyinhloko emlandweni wakhe, yiqiniso, amarekhodi. Ziningi zazo: amakhonsathi kaBeethoven, Brahms, Mozart, sonatas nezingcezu zababhali abawathandayo, nokunye okuningi, kuze kufike kuSchubert's Military Marches, enziwa ngezandla ezine nendodana yakhe uKarl Ulrich Schnabel, Dvorak noSchubert quintets, abanjwe ngo. ukusebenzisana ne-quartet "Yro arte". Ehlola okurekhodiwe okushiywe umshayi wopiyano, umgxeki waseMelika uD. Harrisoa wabhala: “Angikwazi ukuzibamba, ngilalela inkulumo okuthiwa uSchnabel wayenenkinga yobuciko bakhe futhi ngenxa yalokho, njengoba abanye abantu besho, wayezizwa ekhululeke kakhudlwana emculweni opholile, kunokushesha. Lokhu kumane kuwumbhedo, njengoba umdlali wopiyano wayeyilawula ngokuphelele insimbi yakhe futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kokukodwa noma okubili, “wayesebenzelana” nama-sonata namakhonsathi njengokungathi adalelwe iminwe yakhe. Ngempela, izingxabano mayelana nenqubo kaSchnabel zigwetshwa ukufa, futhi la marekhodi aqinisekisa ukuthi akukho nelilodwa ibinzana, elikhulu noma elincane, elaliphakeme kune-virtuoso acumen yakhe.

Ifa lika-Artur Schnabel liyaqhubeka. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, okuqoshiwe okwengeziwe kuyakhishwa ezinqolobaneni futhi kwenziwe kutholakale kubathandi bomculo abaningi, okuqinisekisa izinga lobuciko bomculi.

Lit.: Smirnova I. Arthur Schnabel. - L., 1979