I-Dissonance |

I-Dissonance (i-French dissonance, kusukela ku-Latin dissono - I sound out of tune) - umsindo wamathoni "angahlanganisi" nomunye nomunye (akufanele ukhonjwe nge-dissonance njengomsindo ongamukeleki ngobuhle, okungukuthi, nge-cacophony). Umqondo we "D". esetshenziswa ngokumelene nongwaqa. D. ifaka phakathi imizuzwana emikhulu namancane kanye nesikhombisa, i-tritone, nokunye ukukhuliswa. futhi unciphise izikhawu, kanye nawo wonke amaculo ahlanganisa okungenani eyodwa yalezi zikhawu. Okwesine okumsulwa - i-consonance ephelele engazinzile - ihunyushwa njenge-dissonance uma umsindo wayo ophansi ufakwa ku-bass.

Umehluko phakathi kongwaqa kanye no-D. ucatshangelwa ezicini ezi-4: ezezibalo, zomzimba (i-acoustic), ezemvelo, nezomculo-ngokwengqondo. Ngokombono wezibalo D. isilinganiso sezinombolo esiyinkimbinkimbi (ukudlidliza, ubude beyunithi yezinhlamvu ezinomsindo) kunongwaqa. Isibonelo, kubo bonke ongwaqa, ingxenye yesithathu encane inenani eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lezinombolo zokudlidliza (5:6), kodwa ngayinye ye-D. iyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu (isikhombisa esincane singu-5:9 noma 9:16, esikhulu. okwesibili ngu-8:9 noma 9:10, njll.). Ngokuzwakalayo, i-dissonance ivezwa ekwandeni kwezikhathi zokuphindaphinda kwamaqembu okudlidliza (ngokwesibonelo, ngengxenye yesihlanu emsulwa ye-3: 2, ukuphindaphinda kwenzeka ngemuva kokudlidliza oku-2, futhi ngeyesikhombisa encane - 16: 9 - ngemuva kuka-9), kanye nasenkingeni yangaphakathi. ubudlelwano phakathi kweqembu. Kusukela kulawa maphuzu wokubuka, umehluko phakathi kongwaqa kanye ne-dissonance uwumthamo kuphela (kanye naphakathi kwezikhawu ezihlukene ezihlukene), futhi umngcele phakathi kwazo unemibandela. Ngokombono womculo we-D. psychology uma kuqhathaniswa ne-consonance - umsindo unamandla kakhulu, awuzinzile, uveza ukulangazelela, ukunyakaza. Kuhlelo lwe-modal lwaseYurophu lweNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-funkts akamuva. izinhlelo ezinkulu nezincane, izimfanelo. umehluko phakathi kongwaqa kanye namandla ufinyelela izinga lokuphikisa, ukuqhathanisa, futhi kwakha esinye sezisekelo zeminyuziyamu. ukucabanga. Imvelo ephansi yomsindo we-D. ngokuphathelene nekhonsansa ivezwe ekuguqukeni kwemvelo kwe-D. (isixazululo sayo) ku-consonansi ehambisanayo.

Muses. umkhuba uye wacabangela njalo umehluko izakhiwo ungwaqa kanye D. Kuze kube ngekhulu le-17. I-D. yasetshenziswa, njengomthetho, ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthunyelwa kwayo okuphelele ku-consonance - ukulungiswa okulungile nokuxazulula (lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-polyphony "yokubhala okuqinile" kwekhulu le-15-16). Emakhulwini 17-19. umthetho wawuyimvume kuphela D. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. futhi ikakhulukazi ekhulwini lama-20. D. iya ngokuya isetshenziswa ngokuzimela—ngaphandle kokulungiselela futhi ngaphandle kwemvume (“ukukhululwa” kuka-D.). Ukwenqatshelwa kokuphindwa kabili kwe-octave ku-dodecaphony kungaqondwa njengokwenqatshelwa kokuphindwa kabili kwemisindo ye-dissonant ezimeni ze-dissonance eqhubekayo.

Проблема Д. bekulokhu kungenye yezindawo eziyinhloko kumamyuziyamu. umbono. Izazi zemfundisoze zeNkathi Ephakathi zaqala zaboleka imibono yasendulo ngo-D. (abazange bafake imizuzwana neyesikhombisa kuphela, kodwa futhi neyesithathu nesithupha). Ngisho noFranco waseCologne (ngekhulu le-13) wabhalisa eqenjini elithi D. ezinkulu nezincane zesithupha (“engaphelele D.”). Emculweni. imibono yasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (ikhulu le-12-13) ingxenye yesithathu neyesithupha yayeka ukubhekwa njengo-D. и перешли в разряд консонансов («несовершенных»). Emfundisweni ye-counterpoint "ukubhala okuqinile" 15-16 eminyaka. D. kuthathwa njengoshintsho olusuka kungwaqa owodwa luye komunye, ngaphezu kwalokho, oluyi-polygonal. ongwaqa baphathwa njengenhlanganisela yezikhawu eziqondile (i-punctus contra punctum); I-quart maqondana nezwi eliphansi kuthathwa njengo-D. Ngaphakathi kwe-D. kuhunyushwa njengokuvalelwa okulungisiwe, emaphashini - njengokudlula noma umsizi. umsindo (kanye ne-cambiata). Kusukela ekupheleni kwe-16 ku. ithiyori iqinisekisa ukuqonda okusha kuka-D. okukhethekile kangakanani ukuveza. kusho (hhayi nje izindlela zokuthungatha “ubumnandi” bongwaqa). AT. IGalile (“Il primo libro della prattica del contrapunto”, 1588-1591) ivumela isingeniso esingalungiselelwe sika-D. Esikhathini se-chord-harmonics. ukucabanga (17-19 eminyaka), umqondo omusha we-D. Hlukanisa uD. i-chordal (i-diatonic, i-non-diatonic) futhi isuselwa ekuhlanganiseni kwemisindo engahlangene ne-chord nemisindo ye-chord. Ngokusho kwe-func. imfundiso yokuvumelana (M. Gauptman, G. Helmholtz, X. Риман), Д. kukhona "ukwephulwa kongwaqa" (Riemann). Inhlanganisela yomsindo ngayinye ibhekwa ngokombono weyodwa ye "consonance" ezimbili zemvelo - ezinkulu noma ezincane ezihambisana nayo; ku-tonality - ngokombono wezinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo. abathathu - T, D kanye no-S. Isibonelo, i-chord ethi d1-f1-a1-c2 ku-C-dur iqukethe amathoni amathathu e-subdominant triad (f1-a1-c2) kanye nethoni eyodwa eyengeziwe u-d1. Всякий не входящий в состав данного осн. ithoni yabathathu ngu-D. Ngokwaleli phuzu lokubuka, imisindo ephikisayo ingatholakala nakongwaqa abazwakalayo (“ongwaqa abacatshangelwayo” ngokusho kukaRiemann, isibonelo: d1-f1-a1 ku-C-dur). Kumsindo ngamunye okabili, akusona sonke isikhawu esingahlukanisi, kodwa ithoni kuphela engafakiwe kwesinye sezisekelo. unxantathu (ngokwesibonelo, kweyesikhombisa u-d1-c2 ku-S C-dur dissonates d1, futhi kokuthi D – c2; u-e1 – h1 wesihlanu kuzoba ungwaqa ocatshangelwayo ngo-C-dur, njengoba u-h1 noma u-e1 uzogcina esengu-D. – ngo T noma D ngo C-dur). Osozinkolelo abaningi bekhulu lama-20 bakuqaphela ukuzimela okuphelele kuka-D. B. L. U-Yavorsky uvumile ukuthi kukhona i-tonic engathandeki, u-D. как устоя лада (по Яворскому, обычай завершать произведение консонирующим созвучием — «схоластические оковы» музыки). A. U-Schoenberg uphikile umehluko wekhwalithi phakathi kuka-D. kanye nongwaqa futhi wabiza uD. ongwaqa abakude; kulokhu uthole ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa izingoma ezingezona eze-tertzian njengezizimele. Ukusetshenziswa kwamahhala kwanoma iyiphi i-D. kungenzeka ku-P. I-Hindemith, nakuba ebeka imibandela eminingi; Umehluko phakathi kongwaqa kanye no-D., ngokusho kwe-Hindemith, nawo ungumthamo, ongwaqa kancane kancane baphenduka u-D. Ukuhlobana D. kanye nongwaqa, okucatshangelwe kabusha ngokwesimanjemanje. umculo, izazi zomculo zaseSoviet B. AT. Asafiev, Yu.

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Yu. H. Kholopov