Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (Gertrud Elisabeth Mara) |

Gertrud Elisabeth Mara

Ngo-1765, u-Elisabeth Schmeling oneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha waba nesibindi sokwenza ikhonsathi ezweni lakubo - edolobheni laseJalimane iKassel. Ubesevele ejabulela udumo – eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. U-Elizabeth waya phesheya njengomdlali we-violin. Manje wabuya eNgilandi esengumculi osafufusa, futhi uyise, owayehlala ephelezela indodakazi yakhe njenge-impresario, wayinikeza isikhangiso esikhulu ukuze adonse ukunaka kwenkantolo yaseKassel: noma ubani owayezokhetha ukucula njengomsebenzi wakhe kwakufanele azijabulise ngombusi futhi angene ku-opera yakhe. I-Landgrave yaseHesse, njengochwepheshe, yathumela inhloko yeqembu lakhe le-opera, i-Morelli ethile, ekhonsathini. Isigwebo sakhe sifundeka kanje: “Ella canta come una tedesca.” (Ucula njengomJalimane – isiNtaliyane.) Akukho okungaba kubi nakakhulu! Yebo, u-Elizabeth akamenywanga enkundleni. Futhi lokhu akumangazi: abaculi baseJalimane babe sebecashunwa bephansi kakhulu. Futhi kwakudingeka bathathe kubani ikhono elinjalo ukuze bakwazi ukuncintisana nezingwazi zase-Italy? Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, i-opera yaseJalimane empeleni yayiyi-Italian. Bonke ababusi ababalulekile noma ababalulekile babenamaqembu e-opera, abamenyiwe, njengomthetho, abavela e-Italy. Babehanjelwe ngokuphelele amaNtaliyane, kusukela ku-maestro, omsebenzi wabo wawuhlanganisa nokuqamba umculo, futhi uphethe nge-prima donna kanye nomculi wesibili. Abaculi baseJalimane, uma bekhangwa, babeyingxenye yakamuva kuphela.

Ngeke kube ihaba ukusho ukuthi abaqambi abakhulu baseJalimane beBaroque engasekho abenzi lutho ukufaka isandla ekuqhamukeni kwe-opera yabo yaseJalimane. U-Handel wabhala ama-opera njengesiNtaliyane, nama-oratorio njengeNgisi. UGluck uqambe ama-opera aseFrance, uGraun noHasse – ama-Italian.

Sekudlule isikhathi eside leyo minyaka engamashumi amahlanu ngaphambi nangemva kokuqala kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, lapho imicimbi ethile yanikeza ithemba ngokuvela kwendlu ye-opera yesizwe yaseJalimane. Ngaleso sikhathi, emadolobheni amaningi aseJalimane, izakhiwo zaseshashalazini zavela njengamakhowe ngemva kwemvula, nakuba zaziphindaphinda izakhiwo zase-Italy, kodwa zazisebenza njengezikhungo zobuciko, ezingazange neze zikopishe i-opera yaseVenetian. Iqhaza elikhulu lapha bekungelethiyetha e-Gänsemarkt e-Hamburg. Ihholo ledolobha ledolobha elicebile labafundisi lalisekela abaqambi, iningi labo bonke oReinhard Kaiser abanekhono futhi abakhuthele, kanye nama-freettists ababhala imidlalo yesiJalimane. Zazisekelwe eBhayibhelini, izinganekwane, i-adventure kanye nezindaba zomlando wendawo ezihambisana nomculo. Kufanele, nokho, kuqashelwe ukuthi babekude kakhulu nesiko lezwi eliphakeme lamaNtaliyane.

I-German Singspiel yaqala ukukhula emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, lapho, ngaphansi kwethonya likaRousseau nababhali benhlangano ye-Sturm und Drang, kwaqubuka ukungqubuzana phakathi kokuthintana okucolisisiwe (ngakho-ke, i-opera ye-Baroque) ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nemvelo kanye nabantu, ngakolunye. EParis, lokhu kungqubuzana kubangele ingxabano phakathi kwama-buffonists nama-anti-buffonists, eyaqala ekuqaleni maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Abanye babahlanganyeli bawo babamba izindima ezazingajwayelekile kubo - isazi sefilosofi uJean-Jacques Rousseau, ikakhulukazi, wathatha uhlangothi lwe-opera buffa yase-Italy, nakuba eculweni lakhe elidume ngendlela emangalisayo elithi "The Country Sorcerer" lanyakazisa ukubusa kwengoma eqhumayo. inhlekelele - i-opera kaJean Baptiste Lully. Yiqiniso, kwakungebona ubuzwe bomlobi okwakuwujuqu, kodwa umbuzo oyisisekelo wokusungula okusebenzayo: yini enelungelo lokuba khona - ubukhazikhazi be-baroque obuqoshiwe noma amahlaya omculo, ubuciko noma ukubuyela emvelweni?

I-opera ka-Gluck ye-reformist yaphinda yaphakamisa isikali yasekela izinganekwane nama-pathos. Umqambi waseJalimane wangena esigabeni somhlaba saseParis ngaphansi kwefulegi lomzabalazo wokubusa okukhazimulayo kwe-coloratura egameni leqiniso lokuphila; kodwa izinto zaba khona ngendlela yokuthi ukunqoba kwayo kwandise ukubusa okubhidliziwe konkulunkulu namaqhawe asendulo, ama-castrati nama-prima donnas, okungukuthi, imidlalo ye-baroque yakamuva, ebonisa ukunethezeka kwezinkantolo zasebukhosini.

EJalimane, ukuvukela kwayo kwaqala emuva engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-1776. Lokhu kufaneleka kungokwe-Singspiel yaseJalimane ekuqaleni eyayinesizotha, okwakuyisihloko somkhiqizo wasendaweni kuphela. Ngo-1785, uMbusi uJoseph II wasungula inkundla yezemidlalo yasenkantolo kazwelonke eVienna, lapho acula khona ngesiJalimane, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu kwadlalwa i-opera yaseJalimane kaMozart ethi The Abduction from the Seraglio. Lesi kwakuyisiqalo nje, nakuba silungiselelwe izingcezu eziningi ze-Singspiel ezibhalwe abaqambi baseJalimane nabase-Austrian. Ngeshwa, uMozart, umpetha oshisekayo nomsakazi wenkulumo-ze “wenkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi yaseJalimane,” ngokushesha kwadingeka aphendukele osizweni lwama-librettists ase-Italy. “Ukube bekukhona okungenani umJalimane oyedwa endaweni yeshashalazi,” ekhononda ngo-XNUMX, “inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngabe ihluke ngokuphelele! Lo msebenzi omuhle uyophumelela kuphela ngemva kokuba thina maJalimane sesiqale ukucabanga ngokungathi sína ngesiJalimane, senze ulimi lwesiJalimane futhi sicule ngesiJalimane!”

Kodwa konke kwakusekude kakhulu nalokho, lapho eKassel okokuqala umculi osemusha u-Elisabeth Schmeling enza phambi komphakathi waseJalimane, uMara ofanayo owanqoba izinhloko-dolobha zaseYurophu, waphusha ama-prima donnas ase-Italy ethunzini, naseVenice. futhi uTurin wabanqoba ngosizo lwezikhali zabo. UFrederick Omkhulu wathi angathanda ukulalela ama-arias eyenziwa ngamahhashi akhe kunokuba abe ne-German prima donna ku-opera yakhe. Masikhumbule ukuthi ukwedelela kwakhe ubuciko baseJalimane, kuhlanganise nezincwadi, kwakungokwesibili ngemva kokwenyanya kwakhe abesifazane. Yeka ukunqoba kukaMara kangangokuthi ngisho nale nkosi yaba umthakathi wakhe oshisekayo!

Kodwa akazange amkhonze “njengomculi waseJalimane”. Ngendlela efanayo, ukunqoba kwakhe ezigabeni zaseYurophu akuzange kuphakamise udumo lwe-opera yaseJalimane. Ukuphila kwakhe konke wayecula kuphela ngesiNtaliyane nesiNgisi, futhi wenza ama-opera ase-Italy kuphela, ngisho noma ababhali bawo kwakunguJohann Adolf Hasse, umqambi wasenkantolo kaFrederick Omkhulu, uKarl Heinrich Graun noma u-Handel. Uma ujwayelana ne-repertoire yakhe, kuzo zonke izinyathelo uhlangabezana namagama abaqambi bakhe abayintandokazi, amaphuzu abo, aphuzi ngezikhathi ezithile, aqoqa uthuli olungafunwanga ezinqolobaneni. Lezi yiNasolini, Gazzaniga, Sacchini, Traetta, Piccinni, Iomelli. Wasinda eMozart ngeminyaka engamashumi amane, kwathi uGluck wasinda ngeminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, kodwa akekho noyedwa owajabulela umusa wakhe. Isici sakhe kwakuyi-Neapolitan bel canto opera endala. Ngenhliziyo yakhe yonke wayezinikele esikoleni sokucula saseNtaliyane, ayesibheka njengesokuphela kweqiniso, futhi wayedelela yonke into eyayingase isongela ukubukela phansi amandla onke aphelele e-prima donna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wakhe, i-prima donna kwakudingeka icule ngokugqamile, futhi konke okunye kwakungabalulekile.

Sithole ukubuyekezwa okumangalisayo okuvela kubantu besikhathi sakhe mayelana nendlela yakhe ye-virtuoso (okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi u-Elizabeth wayenomqondo ogcwele wokuzifundisa). Izwi lakhe, ngokobufakazi, lalibanzi kakhulu, wayecula phakathi kwama-octave angaphezu kwamabili nengxenye, ethatha kalula amanothi asuka ku-B we-octave encane kuya ku-F we-octave yesithathu; Wonke amathoni ayezwakala emsulwa ngokulinganayo, emuhle futhi engenakuvinjelwa, njengokungathi kwakungeyena owesifazane oculayo, kodwa kudlalwa i-harmonium enhle.” Ukusebenza okuhle nokunembayo, ukuncenceza okungenakuqhathaniswa, ubumnandi nama-trills kwakuphelele kangangokuthi eNgilandi isisho esithi “cula ngomculo njengoMara” sasisakazwa. Kodwa akukho okungavamile okubikwayo mayelana nedatha yakhe yokulingisa. Lapho ehlanjalazwa ngokuthi ngisho nasezigcawini zothando uhlala ezolile futhi engenandaba, waphakamisa amahlombe kuphela ephendula: “Ngizokwenzenjani – ngicule ngezinyawo nezandla zami? Ngingumculi. Okungenziwa ngezwi, angikwenzi. Ukubukeka kwakhe kwakuyinto evamile kakhulu. Ezithombeni zasendulo uvezwa intokazi eyisidudla onobuso obuzethembayo obungamangazi ngobuhle noma ingokomoya.

EParis, ukuntuleka kobuhle ezingutsheni zakhe kwakuhlekwa usulu. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, akazange alahle ubudala obuthile kanye nesifundazwe saseJalimane. Impilo yakhe yonke engokomoya yayisemculweni, futhi kuwo kuphela. Futhi hhayi ekuculeni kuphela; wayeyingcweti kahle yamabhesi edijithali, waqonda imfundiso yokuvumelana, waze waziqambela nomculo. Ngolunye usuku uMaestro Gazza-niga wavuma kuye ukuthi akakwazanga ukuthola ingqikithi yomthandazo we-aria; ngobusuku bangaphambi kombukiso wokuqala, wabhala i-aria ngesandla sakhe, okwajabulisa kakhulu umbhali. Futhi ukwethula ku-arias amaqhinga ahlukahlukene e-coloratura nokuhluka ekunambitheni kwakho, ukuwaletha ebuhleni, ngokuvamile kwakubhekwa ngaleso sikhathi njengelungelo elingcwele lanoma iyiphi i-prima donna.

Ngokuqinisekile uMara akanakuchazwa enanini labaculi abahlakaniphile, okwakuthi, Schroeder-Devrient. Ukube wayengumNtaliyane, udumo lwalungeke lube ngaphansi kwesabelo sakhe, kodwa wayezohlala emlandweni weshashalazi oyedwa kuphela kwabaningi ochungechungeni lwama-prima donnas ahlakaniphile. Kodwa uMara wayengumJalimane, futhi lesi simo sibaluleke kakhulu kithi. Waba ngummeleli wokuqala walaba bantu, ngokunqoba wangenela uphiko lwezindlovukazi zase-Italy eziculayo - i-prima donna yokuqala yaseJalimane esezingeni lomhlaba ngokungenakuphikwa.

UMara waphila impilo ende, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo noGoethe. Wazalelwa eKassel ngo-February 23, 1749, okungukuthi, ngonyaka ofanayo nembongi enkulu, futhi wasinda cishe unyaka owodwa. Usaziwayo odumile wezikhathi zakudala, washona ngoJanuwari 8, 1833 eReval, lapho avakashelwa khona ngabaculi besendleleni eya eRussia. U-Goethe wamuzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ecula, okokuqala ngqa lapho esengumfundi eLeipzig. Khona-ke wancoma "umculi omuhle kakhulu", ngaleso sikhathi waphonsela inselele intende yezandla zobuhle ku-Crown Schroeter enhle. Nokho, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngokumangalisayo, umdlandla wakhe uye wehla. Kodwa lapho abangani bakudala begubha ngokunesizotha isikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nambili sikaMariya, umdlali we-Olympian akazange afune ukumela eceleni futhi anikele kuye izinkondlo ezimbili. Nansi eyesibili:

KuMadame Mara Kusuku oluhle lokuzalwa kwakhe u-Weimar, ngo-1831

Indlela yakho ishaywe ngehubo, Zonke izinhliziyo zababuleweyo; Nami ngacula, ngagqugquzela uTorivshi ukuthi ukhuphuke. Ngisakhumbula Mayelana nobumnandi bokucula Futhi ngikuthumelela isibusiso Njengesibusiso.

Ukuhlonipha isalukazi ngontanga kuvele kwaba yinjabulo yokugcina. Futhi “wayeseduze kwalelitshe”; kwezobuciko, wazuza konke ayengakufisa kudala, cishe kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zokugcina ebonisa umsebenzi ongajwayelekile - wanikeza izifundo zokucula, kwathi eneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili wajabulisa izivakashi ngesigcawu somdlalo ayedlala kuwo indawo kaDonna. Anna. Indlela yakhe yokuphila ehlukumezayo, eyaholela uMara esiqongweni esiphakeme senkazimulo, yadlula kwalasha wesidingo, usizi nokudumala.

U-Elisabeth Schmeling wazalelwa emndenini wonxiwankulu abancane. Wayeyingane yesishiyagalombili kweziyishumi zomculi wedolobha eKassel. Lapho ineminyaka eyisithupha intombazane ibonisa impumelelo ekudlaleni ivayolini, uBaba Schmeling waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi umuntu angazuza emakhonweni akhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, okungukuthi, ngisho nangaphambi kukaMozart, kwakunemfashini enkulu yezingane ezikhiqizayo. U-Elizabeth, nokho, wayengeyena umntwana ohlakaniphile, kodwa wayenamakhono omculo, azibonakalisa ngengozi ngokudlala i-violin. Ekuqaleni, ubaba nendodakazi badla ezinkantolo zezikhulu ezincane, base bethuthela eHolland naseNgilandi. Kwakuyinkathi yokwehla nokwenyuka okungapheli, okuhambisana nempumelelo encane nobumpofu obungapheli.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uBaba u-Schmeling wayethembele ekubuyeni okukhulu ekuculeni, noma, ngokusho kwemithombo, wayethinteke ngempela ngamazwi athile ahloniphekile angamaNgisi ukuthi kwakungafaneleki ukuba intombazanyana idlale i-violin, kunoma yikuphi, kusukela eneminyaka eyishumi nanye, u-Elizabeth ubecula ngokukhethekile njengomculi nesigingci. Izifundo zokucula - ezivela kuthisha odumile waseLondon uPietro Paradisi - wathatha amasonto amane kuphela: ukumfundisa mahhala iminyaka eyisikhombisa - futhi yilokho kanye okwakudingeka ngalezo zinsuku ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwezwi - umNtaliyane, owambona ngokushesha engavamile. idatha yemvelo, kuvunyelwene kuphela ngombandela wokuthi esikhathini esizayo uzothola imali ebanjwayo emalini engenayo yomfundi wangaphambili. Nalokhu Schmeling endala akakwazanga ukuvuma. Baziphilisa kanzima nendodakazi yabo. E-Ireland, uSchmeling waya ejele - akakwazanga ukukhokha isikweletu sakhe sehhotela. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, behlelwa yishwa: eKassel kwafika izindaba zokushona kukanina; ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ehlala kwelinye izwe, ekugcineni uSchmeling wayesezobuyela edolobheni lakubo, kodwa kwavela umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo futhi uSchmeling waphinde waboshwa ngenxa yezikweletu, kulokhu izinyanga ezintathu. Ukuphela kwethemba lensindiso kwakuyindodakazi eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala. Eyedwa ngokuphelele, wawela umsele ngesikebhe esilula, elibangise e-Amsterdam, kubangane bakudala. Bahlenga uSchmeling ekuthunjweni.

Ukwehluleka okunetha ekhanda lekhehla akuzange kuphule ibhizinisi lakhe. Kwakungenxa yemizamo yakhe okwaba khona ikhonsathi eKassel, lapho u-Elisabeth “acula okomJalimane.” Ngokungangabazeki wayezoqhubeka nokumhilela ezenzweni ezintsha, kodwa u-Elizabeth ohlakaniphe kakhulu waphuma ekulaleleni. Wayefuna ukuya lapho kudlalwa abaculi base-Italy enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, alalele ukuthi bacula kanjani, futhi afunde okuthile kubo.

Kungcono kunanoma ubani omunye, wayeqonda ukuthi untula kangakanani. Njengoba, ngokusobala, enxanelwe ulwazi namakhono amangalisayo omculo, wafinyelela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa lokho abanye okuthatha iminyaka yokuzikhandla. Ngemva kokudlala ezinkantolo ezincane nasedolobheni laseGöttingen, ngo-1767 waba nengxenye "Emakhonsathini Amakhulu" ka-Johann Adam Hiller eLeipzig, okwakungabanduleli bamakhonsathi eLeipzig Gewandhaus, futhi ngokushesha wahlanganyela. E-Dresden, unkosikazi womvoti naye wabamba iqhaza esiphethweni sakhe - wabela u-Elizabeth emdlalweni owuchungechunge wasenkantolo. Ethanda ubuciko bakhe kuphela, le ntombazane yenqaba abafake izicelo eziningana esandleni sakhe. Amahora amane ngosuku wayehlanganyela ekuculeni, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho - upiyano, ukudansa, ngisho nokufunda, izibalo nesipelingi, ngoba iminyaka yobuntwana yokuzulazula empeleni yayilahlekile ngenxa yemfundo yesikole. Ngokushesha baqala ukukhuluma ngaye ngisho naseBerlin. Umphathi wekhonsathi weNkosi uFriedrich, umdlali wevayolini uFranz Benda, wethula u-Elisabeth enkantolo, futhi ngo-1771 wamenyelwa eSanssouci. Ukwedelela kwenkosi abahlabeleli baseJalimane (okuyinto, ngendlela, eyabelana ngayo ngokuphelele) kwakungeyona imfihlo ku-Elizabeth, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumvimbele ukuba avele phambi kwenkosi enamandla ngaphandle kwesithunzi sokuphoxeka, nakuba ngaleso sikhathi izici zokuphamba kanye nokuphambana. i-despotism, ejwayelekile ye-"Old Fritz". Wamculela kalula eshidini i-bravura aria egcwele i-arpeggio ne-coloratura evela ku-opera kaGraun Britannica futhi waklonyeliswa: inkosi eshaqekile yababaza: “Bheka, uyakwazi ukucula!” Wababaza kakhulu wamemeza ethi “bravo”.

Kulapho injabulo imamatheka khona ku-Elisabeth Schmeling! Esikhundleni sokuthi "alalele ukukhala kwehhashi lakhe", inkosi yamyala ukuba enze i-prima donna yokuqala yaseJalimane ku-opera yakhe yasenkantolo, okungukuthi, enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini lapho kuze kube yilolo suku kwakucula amaNtaliyane kuphela, kuhlanganise nama-castrati amabili adumile!

UFrederick wamangala kangangokuthi u-Schmeling omdala, naye owasebenza lapha njengebhizinisi njenge-impresario yendodakazi yakhe, wakwazi ukuxoxisana naye ngeholo elihle lama-thaler ayizinkulungwane ezintathu (kamuva laphinde lakhuphuka). U-Elisabeth uchithe iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye enkantolo yaseBerlin. Ekhathazwa yinkosi, wayesevele ethandwa kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba yena ngokwakhe avakashele izihloko zomculo zezwekazi. Ngomusa wenkosi, waba inkosikazi yasegcekeni ehlonishwa kakhulu, indawo yayo yayifunwa abanye, kodwa ubuqili obungenakugwenywa kuzo zonke izinkantolo azange bamsize kangako u-Elizabeth. Inkohliso nothando akuzange kuyinyakazise inhliziyo yakhe.

Ngeke usho ukuthi ubethwele kanzima ngemisebenzi yakhe. Okuyinhloko kwakuwukucula ngezikhathi zomculo zakusihlwa zenkosi, lapho yona ngokwayo idlala khona umtshingo, futhi iphinde idlale indima eyinhloko emidlalweni engaba yishumi phakathi nenkathi yomkhosi. Kusukela ngo-1742, isakhiwo se-baroque esilula kodwa esihlaba umxhwele esivamile sasePrussia savela e-Unter den Linden - i-opera yasebukhosini, umsebenzi womdwebi u-Knobelsdorff. Ekhangwe ikhono lika-Elisabeth, abakwaBerliners “abavela kubantu” baqala ukuvakashela leli thempeli lobuciko bezilimi zakwamanye amazwe ezicukuthwaneni kaningi - ngokuhambisana nokuthanda kukaFriedrich okucacile, ama-opera ayesadlalwa ngesiNtaliyane.

Kwakungenwa mahhala, kodwa amathikithi okuya ebhilidini lemidlalo yeshashalazi ayenikezwa izisebenzi zaso, futhi kwakudingeka ziwanamathisele ezandleni okungenani ukuze bathole itiye. Izindawo zazisatshalaliswa ngokuhambisana namazinga namazinga. Esigabeni sokuqala - ama-courters, kwesibili - bonke abanye abahlonishwayo, okwesithathu - izakhamuzi ezivamile zedolobha. Inkosi yayihlezi phambi kwabo bonke ababesezitebeleni, emva kwayo kuhlezi izikhulu. Walandela izenzakalo esiteji nge-lorgnette, futhi "i-bravo" yakhe yaba uphawu lokushaywa kwehlombe. Indlovukazi, eyayihlala ngokuhlukana noFrederick, kanye namakhosazana ayehlala ebhokisini eliphakathi.

Ithiyetha ibingashisi. Ngezinsuku ezibandayo zasebusika, lapho ukushisa okukhishwa amakhandlela nezibani zikawoyela kungenele ukushisa ihholo, inkosi yaphendukela ekhambi elivivinyiwe: yayala amayunithi ebutho laseBerlin ukuba enze umsebenzi wawo wezempi esakhiweni seshashalazi. usuku. Umsebenzi we-servicemen wawulula kakhulu - ukuma ezitebeleni, ukusabalalisa ukufudumala kwemizimba yabo. Yeka ubudlelwano obungenakuqhathaniswa ngempela phakathi kuka-Apollo neMars!

Mhlawumbe u-Elisabeth Schmeling, le nkanyezi, eyavuka ngokushesha kangaka emkhathini waseshashalazini, yayiyohlala kuze kube yilapho iphuma esiteji kuphela i-court prima donna yenkosi yasePrussia, ngamanye amazwi, umlingisi waseJalimane kuphela, ukube wayengekho. wahlangana nendoda ekhonsathini yenkantolo eRheinsberg Castle, okwathi, eqale ukudlala indima yesithandwa sakhe, kwase kuba umyeni wakhe, waba yisigebengu esingazi ukuthi uthole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni. UJohann Baptist Mara wayeyintandokazi yenkosana yasePrussia uHeinrich, umfowabo omncane wenkosi. Lo mdabu waseBohemia, umculi weselula onesiphiwo, wayenomlingiswa onyanyekayo. Umculi naye wayephuza futhi, lapho edakiwe, waba yisiqhwaga nesiqhwaga. U-prima donna osemncane, okwathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi azi ubuciko bakhe kuphela, wathandana nomnumzane omuhle ekuqaleni kokubona. U-Schmeling omdala, enganaki ukukhuluma, wazama ukuyekisa indodakazi yakhe ekuxhumaneni okungafanele; wazuza kuphela ukuthi wahlukana noyise, ngaphandle kokwehluleka, nokho, ukumnikeza isondlo.

Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho uMara kufanele adlale enkantolo eBerlin, watholwa eshonile edakiwe endaweni yokucima ukoma. Inkosi yathukuthela yagana unwabu, futhi kusukela lapho impilo yomculi isishintshe kakhulu. Ngawo wonke amathuba - futhi kwakunamacala amaningi ngokwanele - inkosi yaxhuma iMara emgodini othile wesifundazwe, futhi yake yathumela namaphoyisa enqabeni yaseMarienburg eMpumalanga Prussia. Izicelo zokuphelelwa ithemba kuphela ze-prima donna zaphoqa inkosi ukuthi imbuyisele emuva. Ngo-1773, bashada, naphezu komehluko enkolweni (u-Elizabeth wayengumProthestani, noMara engumKatolika) futhi naphezu kokungavunyelwa okukhulu kukaFritz omdala, lowo, njengobaba weqiniso wesizwe, azibheka enelungelo lokugxambukela ngisho nasezindabeni zokukhulekela. impilo eseduze ye-prima donna yakhe. Isula ngokuzithandela kulo mshado, inkosi yadlulisela u-Elizabeth ngomqondisi womdlalo we-opera ukuze, uNkulunkulu makube kude, angacabangi ngokukhulelwa ngaphambi kwemikhosi yomkhosi.

U-Elizabeth Mara, njengoba manje esebizwa kanjalo, ejabulela impumelelo hhayi kuphela esiteji, kodwa futhi nenjabulo yomndeni, wayehlala eCharlottenburg ngendlela enkulu. Kodwa walahlekelwa ukuthula kwengqondo. Ukuziphatha komyeni wakhe ngendelelo enkantolo nakulo mdlalo we-opera kwahlukanisa nabangane bakhe bakudala, ingasaphathwa eyonkosi. Yena, owayazi inkululeko eNgilandi, manje wayesezizwa engathi usekhejini legolide. Ekuphakameni komkhosi womkhosi, yena noMara bazama ukubaleka, kodwa baboshwa onogada esitokisini sedolobha, okwathi ngemva kwalokho i-cellist yaphinde yathunyelwa ekudingisweni. U-Elizabeth wathela inkosi yakhe izicelo ezidabukisayo, kodwa inkosi yenqaba ngendlela ebuhlungu kakhulu. Kwesinye sezicelo zakhe, wabhala, “Ukhokhelwa ngokucula, hhayi ngokubhala.” UMara wanquma ukuziphindiselela. Kusihlwa esinesizotha sokuhlonipha isivakashi - uMbusi Omkhulu waseRussia uPavel, inkosi eyayifuna ukukhombisa phambi kwakhe i-prima donna yakhe edumile, wacula ngamabomu ngokunganaki, cishe ngezwi eliphansi, kodwa ekugcineni okuyize kwathola ukucasuka okungcono. Wacula ingoma yokugcina ngesasasa, ngokukhazimula okukhulu, kangangokuthi ifu lokuduma elaliphezu kwekhanda lakhe lashabalala futhi inkosi yabonisa injabulo yayo.

U-Elizabeth wacela ngokuphindaphindiwe inkosi ukuba imnikeze isikhathi sokuvakashela izindawo zokuvakasha, kodwa yenqaba njalo. Mhlawumbe isazela sakhe samtshela ukuthi ngeke aphinde abuye. Isikhathi esingenakunyakaziswa sase sigobise umhlane wakhe washona, washwabana ubuso bakhe, manje esesikhumbuza isiketi esifincizekile, okwenza kwaba nzima ukudlala umtshingo, ngoba izandla ezinesifo samathambo zazingasalaleli. Waqala wancama. Ama-Greyhounds ayethandeka kuFriedrich osekhulile kakhulu kunabo bonke abantu. Kodwa walalela i-prima donna yakhe ngendlela efanayo, ikakhulukazi lapho ecula izingoma azithandayo, yebo, isiNtaliyane, ngoba wayefanisa umculo kaHaydn noMozart namakhonsathi amakati amabi kakhulu.

Noma kunjalo, u-Elizabeth wakwazi ekugcineni ukucela iholidi. Wamukelwa kahle eLeipzig, eFrankfurt futhi, okwakuthandeka kakhulu kuye, eKassel yakubo. Lapho ebuya, wenza ikhonsathi e-Weimar, eyayihanjelwe nguGoethe. Wabuyela eBerlin egula. Inkosi, kwesinye isiphithiphithi samabomu, ayizange imvumele ukuthi ayokwelashwa edolobheni laseBohemian iTeplitz. Kwaba wutshani bokugcina obuchichima indebe yokubekezela. Ekugcineni abakwaMara banquma ukubaleka, kodwa benza ngokuqapha okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, ngokungalindelekile, bahlangana no-Count Brühl eDresden, okwabafaka ekwesabeni okungachazeki: kungenzeka yini ukuthi ungqongqoshe onguMninimandla onke uzokwazisa inxusa lasePrussia ngababaleki? Bangaqondwa - ngaphambi kokuba amehlo abo ame isibonelo sikaVoltaire omkhulu, okwathi ingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka edlule eFrankfurt eboshwe ngabaseshi benkosi yasePrussia. Kodwa konke kwahamba kahle, bawela umngcele osindisayo neBohemia futhi bafika eVienna bedlula ePrague. U-Old Fritz, esezwile ngokuphunyuka, waqale wavuka umbhejazane waze wathumela nezithunywa enkantolo yaseVienna efuna kubuye umbaleki. I-Vienna yathumela impendulo, futhi kwaqala impi yamanothi ezombusazwe, lapho inkosi yasePrussia yabeka phansi izingalo zayo ngokushesha. Kodwa akazange azigodle injabulo yokukhuluma ngoMara ngokugxeka okungokwefilosofi: “Owesifazane ozinikela ngokuphelele nangokuphelele endodeni ufaniswa nenja ezingelayo: lapho ekhahlelwa ngokwengeziwe, yilapho ekhonza inkosi yakhe ngokuzinikela ngokwengeziwe.”

Ekuqaleni, ukuzinikela kumyeni wakhe akuzange kulethe inhlanhla enkulu u-Elizabeth. Inkantolo yaseVienna yamukela i-prima donna “yasePrussian” ngendlela ebandayo, u-Archduchess uMarie-Theresa omdala kuphela, obonisa ububele, wamnikeza incwadi yokuncoma endodakazini yakhe, iNdlovukazi yaseFrance uMarie Antoinette. Lo mbhangqwana wenza indawo yawo elandelayo eMunich. Ngalesi sikhathi, uMozart wenza i-opera yakhe ethi Idomeneo lapho. Ngokusho kwakhe, u-Elizabeth “akazange abe nenhlanhla yokumjabulisa.” “Kuncane kakhulu akwenzayo ukuze afane ne-bastard (leyo indima yakhe), futhi kuningi kakhulu ukuthi athinte inhliziyo ngokucula okumnandi.”

UMozart wayazi kahle ukuthi u-Elisabeth Mara, yena, wayengazilinganisi kakhulu izingoma zakhe. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwathonya ukwahlulela kwakhe. Kithina, kukhona okunye okubaluleke kakhulu: kulokhu, izinkathi ezimbili ezingaziwa komunye nomunye zingqubuzane, endala, eyaqaphela ukubaluleka kwe-opera yobuhle bomculo, kanye nentsha, eyayifuna ukuqondiswa komculo nezwi. esenzweni esimangalisayo.

I-Maras yenza amakhonsathi ndawonye, ​​​​futhi kwenzeka ukuthi umculi we-cellist omuhle waphumelela kakhulu kunomkakhe ongenabukhazikhazi. Kodwa eParis, ngemva kokudlala ngo-1782, waba indlovukazi engathweswe umqhele esiteji, lapho umnikazi we-contralto Lucia Todi, umPutukezi womdabu, wayebuse ngaphambili. Naphezu komehluko kudatha yezwi phakathi kwama-prima donnas, kwavela umbango obukhali. IParis Yomculo izinyanga eziningi yahlukaniswa yaba amaTodists namaMaratst, ezinikele ngokweqile ezithombeni zabo. UMara wazibonakalisa emangalisa kangangokuthi uMarie Antoinette wamnika isihloko somculi wokuqala waseFrance. Manje iLondon nayo yayifuna ukuzwa i- prima donna edumile, okwathi nakuba ingumJalimane, yacula ngokwaphezulu. Akekho noyedwa lapho owakhumbula intombazane ekhongiyo okwathi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule yasuka eNgilandi iphelelwe yithemba yabuyela eZwenikazi. Manje usebuyile ngenkazimulo. Ikhonsathi yokuqala e-Pantheon - futhi usevele wazuza izinhliziyo zaseBrithani. Waklonyeliswa ngendlela engakaze ibonwe umculi kusukela kuma-prima donnas enkathi ye-Handel. INkosana yaseWales yaba umthandi wayo oshisekayo, okungenzeka ukuthi ayinqotshwanga ikhono eliphezulu lokucula kuphela. Naye, njengakwezinye izindawo, wazizwa esekhaya eNgilandi, ngaphandle kwesizathu kwakulula ngaye ukukhuluma nokubhala ngesiNgisi. Kamuva, lapho kuqala isizini ye-opera yase-Italy, wabuye wacula eRoyal Theatre, kodwa impumelelo yakhe enkulu yalethwa amakhonsathi azokhumbula abantu baseLondon isikhathi eside. Wenza ikakhulukazi imisebenzi ka-Handel, lowo amaBrithani, eshintshe kancane isipelingi sesibongo sakhe, wabalwa phakathi kwabaqambi basekhaya.

Ukugubha iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ashona kwaba isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando eNgilandi. Imikhosi kulo mcimbi yathatha izinsuku ezintathu, ingqophamlando yabo kwaba ukwethula i-oratorio "Mesiya", eyayihanjelwe yiNkosi uGeorge II ngokwakhe. Iqembu le-orchestra lalinabaculi abangu-258, iqembu labahlabeleli labantu abangu-270 lalimi esiteji, futhi ngaphezu kwemisindo enamandla elaliyikhipha, kwaphakama izwi lika-Elizabeth Mara, eliyingqayizivele ngobuhle bayo: “Ngiyazi ukuthi umsindisi wami uyaphila.” AbaseBrithani abanozwela bafikelwa injabulo yangempela. Ngemva kwalokho, uMara wabhala: “Lapho mina, ngibeka wonke umphefumulo wami emazwini ami, ngicula ngokukhulu nokungcwele, ngalokho okuyigugu phakade kumuntu, nezilaleli zami, zigcwele ukwethemba, zibambe umoya, zizwela, zangilalela. , ngazibona ngingcwele” . Lawa mazwi aqotho ngokungenakuphikwa, abhalwe lapho esekhulile, achibiyela umbono wokuqala ongakheka kalula ngokujwayelana nje nomsebenzi kaMara: ukuthi, njengoba ekwazi ukulisebenzisa kahle izwi lakhe, wayeneliswe ukucwebezela okukha phezulu kwe-court bravura opera. futhi ayengafuni lutho olunye. Kuvela ukuthi wenza! ENgilandi, lapho iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ehlala ewukuphela komculi we-oratorios ye-Handel, lapho acula khona ingoma kaHaydn ethi "Indalo Yomhlaba" "ngendlela yengelosi" - yile ndlela omunye umculi wezwi oshisekayo aphendule ngayo - uMara waphenduka umculi omkhulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo kowesifazane osekhulile, owayekwazi ukuwohloka kwamathemba, ukuzalwa kabusha nokudumala, ngokuqinisekile kwaba nengxenye ekuqiniseni ukuzwakala kokucula kwakhe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqhubeka nokuba "yi-prima donna" ephumelelayo, intandokazi yenkantolo, eyathola izimali ezingezwakali. Kodwa-ke, ukunqoba okukhulu kwakumlindele kulo kanye izwe lendabuko yase-bel canto, eTurin - lapho inkosi yaseSardinia yammemela esigodlweni sayo - naseVenice, lapho kusukela emdlalweni wokuqala ngqa yabonisa ukuphakama kwayo kunosaziwayo wendawo uBrigida Banti. Abathandi be-opera, abashiswa ukucula kukaMara, bamhlonipha ngendlela engavamile: kwathi nje lapho umculi eqeda i-aria, bathela isiteji senkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yakwaSan Samuele ngesichotho sezimbali, base beletha isithombe sakhe esipendwe ngamafutha erempini. , futhi bephethe izimbaqa ezandleni zabo, bahola umculi phakathi kwezixuku zezibukeli ezijabule ezibonisa injabulo yazo ngokukhala okukhulu. Kumelwe kucatshangwe ukuthi ngemva kokuba u-Elizabeth Mara efikile eParis yezinguquko endleleni eya eNgilandi ngo-1792, isithombe asibona samhlupha ngokungaphezi, samkhumbuza ngokuguquguquka kwenjabulo. Futhi lapha umculi wayezungezwe yizixuku, kodwa izixuku zabantu ezazisesimweni sokudideka nokuphithizela. Ebhulohweni Elisha, umsekeli wakhe wangaphambili uMarie Antoinette walethwa wadlula kuye, ephaphathekile, egqoke izingubo zasejele, wahlangana nokukhala nokuhlukunyezwa esixukwini. Echiphiza izinyembezi, uMara wahoxa efasiteleni lenqola ngenxa yokwesaba futhi wazama ukulishiya leli dolobha elivukelayo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, okwakungelula kangako.

ELondon, impilo yakhe yayigcwele ubuthi ngenxa yokuziphatha okuyihlazo komyeni wakhe. Njengoba eyisidakwa futhi enomsindo, waxegisa u-Elizabeth ngemigilingwane yakhe ezindaweni zomphakathi. Kwamthatha iminyaka neminyaka ukuba ayeke ukumtholela izaba: isehlukaniso senzeka ngo-1795 kuphela. Kungaba ngenxa yokudumazeka ngomshado ongaphumeleli, noma ngenxa yokomela ukuphila okwaqubuka kowesifazane osekhulile. , kodwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwesehlukaniso, u-Elizabeth wahlangana namadoda amabili ayecishe afane namadodana akhe.

Wayesesonyakeni wakhe wamashumi amane nambili lapho ehlangana nomFulentshi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesithupha eLondon. U-Henri Buscarin, inzalo yomndeni omdala ohloniphekile, wayengumthandi wakhe ozinikele kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngohlobo lobumpumputhe, wakhetha kuye umtshingo ogama lakhe linguFlorio, umfana ojwayelekile kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, omncane kunaye ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili. Kamuva, waba umphathi wendlu yakhe, wenza le misebenzi waze waguga futhi wenza imali enhle ngakho. EnoBuscaren, wayenobudlelwane obumangalisayo iminyaka engamashumi amane nambili, okwakuyingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yothando, ubungane, ukulangazelela, ukungaqiniseki nokungabaza. Ukubhalelana phakathi kwabo kwaphela lapho eneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nantathu ubudala, futhi yena - ekugcineni! - waqala umndeni esiqhingini esikude saseMartinique. Izinhlamvu zabo ezithinta inhliziyo, ezibhalwe ngendlela ye-Werther ongasekho, ziveza umbono ohlekisayo.

Ngo-1802, uMara wasuka eLondon, okwathi ngentshiseko efanayo nokubonga wavalelisa kuye. Izwi lakhe cishe alizange lilahlekelwe ukukhanga kwalo, ekwindla yokuphila kwakhe kancane kancane, ngokuzethemba, wehla ezindaweni eziphakeme zenkazimulo. Wavakashela izindawo ezikhumbulekayo zobuntwana bakhe eKassel, eBerlin, lapho i-prima donna yenkosi eyafa kudala ingazange ilibaleke, yakhanga izinkulungwane zezilaleli ekhonsathini yesonto ayehlanganyela kuyo. Ngisho nezakhamuzi zaseVienna, ezake zamthola ngokupholile, manje zawela ezinyaweni zakhe. Okuhlukile kwakunguBeethoven - wayesangabaza uMara.

Khona-ke iRussia yaba enye yeziteshi zokugcina endleleni yakhe yokuphila. Ngenxa yegama lakhe elikhulu, wamukelwa ngokushesha enkantolo yaseSt. Wayengasaculi ku-opera, kodwa ukudlala emakhonsathini nasezindaweni zokudla kwakusihlwa nezicukuthwane kwaletha imali engenayo kangangokuthi wandisa kakhulu ingcebo yakhe ephawulekayo. Ekuqaleni wayehlala enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, kodwa ngo-1811 wathuthela eMoscow futhi wahlanganyela ngomdlandla ekuqaguleni umhlaba.

Isiphetho esibi samvimbela ukuba achithe iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe ebukhazikhazini nasekuchumeni, etholwe iminyaka eminingi yokucula ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zaseYurophu. Emlilweni womlilo waseMoscow, konke ayekushabalale, futhi yena ngokwakhe kwadingeka abaleke futhi, kulokhu ngenxa yokwesabeka kwempi. Ngobusuku obubodwa, waphenduka, uma engesona isinxibi, kodwa waba ngowesifazane ompofu. Elandela isibonelo sabanye babangane bakhe, u-Elizabeth waqhubeka noRevel. Edolobheni elidala lesifundazwe elinemigwaqo emincane egwegwile, eliziqhenya kuphela ngenkathi yalo ekhazimulayo ye-Hanseatic, nokho kwakunenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseJalimane. Ngemva kokuba ongoti bobuciko bezwi bezakhamuzi ezivelele beqaphela ukuthi idolobha labo lenziwe lajabula ngokuba khona kwe-prima donna enkulu, ukuphila komculo kulo kwavuselelwa ngokungavamile.

Noma kunjalo, kukhona okwashukumisela isalukazi ukuba sisuke endaweni yaso esiyijwayele futhi sithathe uhambo olude lwezinkulungwane nezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, sisongela zonke izinhlobo zezimanga. Ngo-1820, ume esiteji seRoyal Theatre eLondon futhi wacula i-rondo kaGuglielmi, i-aria evela ku-Handel oratorio “Solomon”, i-Paer's cavatina - lena iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanye! Umgxeki osekelayo utusa “ubuhle nokunambitha kwakhe, i-coloratura enhle kanye ne-trill inimitable” ngayo yonke indlela, kodwa empeleni yena, vele, uyisithunzi nje sangaphambili u-Elisabeth Mara.

Kwakungekona ukomela udumo sekwephuzile okwamshukumisela ukuba enze umnyakazo wobuqhawe esuka eReval eya eLondon. Wayeqondiswa isisusa esibonakala singenakwenzeka, uma kubhekwa iminyaka yakhe: egcwele ukulangazelela, ubheke ngabomvu ukufika komngane wakhe nesithandwa sakhe u-Bouscaren ovela kude eMartinique! Izincwadi zindizela emuva naphambili, njengokungathi zilalela intando yothile engaqondakali. “Nawe ukhululekile? uyabuza. "Ungangabazi, Elizabeth othandekayo, ukungitshela ukuthi ziyini izinhlelo zakho." Impendulo yakhe ayikafinyeleli kithi, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi wayemlindile eLondon isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, ephazamisa izifundo zakhe, futhi ngemva kwalokho, lapho esendleleni eya ekhaya eya eRevel, ema eBerlin, wathola ukuthi uBuscarin wafika eParis.

Kodwa sekwephuze kakhulu. Ngisho kuye. Akaphuthumi ezingalweni zomngane wakhe, kodwa esizunguleni esijabulisayo, ekhoneni lomhlaba lapho azizwe ejabule futhi ezolile khona - ku-Revel. Nokho, izincwadi zaqhubeka eminye iminyaka eyishumi. Encwadini yakhe yokugcina evela eParis, uBuscarin ubika ukuthi inkanyezi entsha ivukile endaweni yokusebenza - uWilhelmina Schroeder-Devrient.

U-Elisabeth Mara washona ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Isizukulwane esisha sithathe indawo yaso. U-Anna Milder-Hauptmann, u-Leonore wokuqala ka-Beethoven, owahlonipha i-prima donna kaFrederick the Great ngesikhathi eseRussia, manje usephenduke usaziwayo ngokwakhe. IBerlin, Paris, London ishayele ihlombe uHenrietta Sontag noWilhelmine Schroeder-Devrient.

Akekho owamangala ngokuthi abaculi baseJalimane baba ama-prima donnas amakhulu. Kodwa uMara wabavulela indlela. Umnikazi wesundu ngokufanelekile.

K. Khonolka (ukuhumusha - R. Solodovnyk, A. Katsura)