Giuseppe Sarti |

Giuseppe Sarti

Umqambi odumile wase-Italy, umqhubi nothisha u-G. Sarti waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo laseRussia.

Wazalelwa emndenini wobucwebe - i-violinist eyimfundamakhwela. Wathola imfundo yakhe eyisisekelo yomculo esikoleni sokucula esontweni, futhi kamuva wathatha izifundo kubaculi abaqeqeshiwe (kuF. Vallotti ePadua kanye nasePadre Martini edumile e-Bologna). Lapho eneminyaka engu-13, u-Sarti wayesevele edlala kahle ikhibhodi, okwamvumela ukuba athathe isikhundla somculo we-ogani edolobheni lakubo. Kusukela ngo-1752, Sarti waqala ukusebenza endlini ye-opera. I-opera yakhe yokuqala, i-Pompey e-Armenia, yahlangatshezwa ngesasasa elikhulu, kanti eyesibili, eyayibhalelwe iVenice, ethi, The Shepherd King, yamlethela ukunqoba nodumo lwangempela. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-1753, uSarti wamenywa eCopenhagen njengomphathi weqembu leqembu le-opera lase-Italy futhi waqala ukuqamba, kanye nama-opera ase-Italy, singspiel ngesiDanish. (Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, njengoba esehlale eDenmark iminyaka engaba ngu-20, umqambi akazange afunde isiDanishi, esebenzisa ukuhumusha kwe-interlinear lapho eqamba.) Phakathi neminyaka yakhe eseCopenhagen, uSarti wenza ama-opera angu-24. Kukholakala ukuthi umsebenzi kaSarti wabeka isisekelo se-opera yesiDanishi ngezindlela eziningi.

Kanye nokubhala, uSarti wayehlanganyela emisebenzini yokufundisa. Ngesinye isikhathi waze wanikeza nenkosi yaseDenmark izifundo zokucula. Ngo-1772, ibhizinisi lase-Italy lawa, umqambi waba nesikweletu esikhulu, futhi ngo-1775, ngesinqumo senkantolo, waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe eDenmark. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, ukuphila kukaSarti kwakuxhunywe ikakhulukazi namadolobha amabili e-Italy: iVenice (1775-79), lapho ayengumqondisi we-Conservatory yabesifazane, kanye neMilan (1779-84), lapho uSarti ayengumqhubi wesonto lombhishobhi. Umsebenzi womqambi ngalesi sikhathi ufinyelela udumo lwaseYurophu - ama-opera akhe adlalwa esiteji saseVienna, eParis, eLondon (phakathi kwabo - "Umhawu Wesigodi" - 1776, "Achilles on Skyros" - 1779, "Ingxabano emibili - eyesithathu iyajabula" Ngo-1782). Ngo-1784, ngesimemo sikaCatherine II, uSarti wafika eRussia. Endleleni eya eSt. Petersburg, eVienna, wahlangana no-WA ​​Mozart, owatadisha ngokucophelela izingoma zakhe. Kamuva, u-Mozart wasebenzisa enye yezindikimba zika-Sarti endaweni yebhola kaDon Juan. Ngokwengxenye yakhe, engabazisi ubuhlakani bomqambi, noma mhlawumbe abe nomhawu ngasese ngethalente likaMozart, ngemva konyaka uSarti washicilela isihloko esibucayi mayelana nama-quartets akhe.

Ethatha isikhundla somphathi webhendi yasenkantolo eRussia, u-Sarti wadala ama-opera angu-8, i-ballet kanye nemisebenzi engaba ngu-30 yohlobo lwezwi nekhwaya. Ukuphumelela kukaSarti njengomqambi eRussia kwakuhambisana nempumelelo yomsebenzi wakhe wasenkantolo. Eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kokufika kwakhe (1786-90) wayichitha eningizimu yezwe, esenkonzweni kaG. Potemkin. Inkosana yayinemibono mayelana nokuhlela isikole somculo edolobheni laseYekaterinoslav, futhi uSarti wabe esethola isihloko somqondisi we-academy. Isicelo esinelukuluku esivela ku-Sarti sokumthumelela imali yokusungulwa kwesikole, kanye nokunikeza idolobhana elithenjisiwe, njengoba "umnotho wakhe womuntu siqu usesimweni esibucayi kakhulu," sigcinwe ezinqolobaneni zaseMoscow. Encwadini efanayo umuntu angahlulela futhi izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zomqambi: “Ukube benginesikhundla sezempi nemali, bengizocela uhulumeni ukuthi anginike indawo, bengizobiza abalimi baseNtaliyane futhi bakhe izindlu kule ndawo. Amacebo kaPotemkin ayengahloselwe ukuba agcwaliseke, futhi ngo-1790 uSarti wabuyela eSt. Ngomyalo kaCatherine II, kanye no-K. Canobbio no-V. Pashkevich, wabamba iqhaza ekudaleni nasekuhlelweni kokusebenza okuhle okusekelwe embhalweni we-Empress ngesakhiwo esihunyushwe ngokukhululekile emlandweni waseRussia - Ukuphathwa Kokuqala kuka-Oleg (1790) . Ngemva kokufa kukaCatherine Sarti, wabhala ikhwaya enesizotha yokugcotshwa kukaPaul I, kanjalo elondoloza isikhundla sakhe esikhethekile enkantolo entsha.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umqambi wenza ucwaningo lwe-acoustics futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, usethe imvamisa yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. “i-Petersburg tuning fork” (a1 = 436 Hz). I-St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences yazisa kakhulu imisebenzi yesayensi ka-Sarti futhi yamkhetha njengelungu elihloniphekile (1796). Ucwaningo lwe-acoustic luka-Sarti lwagcina ukubaluleka kwalo cishe iminyaka eyi-100 (kuphela ngo-1885 e-Vienna okwagunyazwa izinga lamazwe ngamazwe elingu-a1 = 435 Hz). Ngo-1802, Sarti wanquma ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, kodwa endleleni wagula futhi wafa eBerlin.

I-Creativity Sarti eRussia, njengokungathi, iqeda yonke inkathi yobuciko yabaculi base-Italy abamenywe kulo lonke ikhulu lama-300. Petersburg njengomphathi weqembu lenkantolo. Ama-Cantata nama-oratorio, amakhwaya okubingelela ka-Sarti namahubo akhe ikhasi elikhethekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko lamakhwaya laseRussia ngesikhathi sikaCatherine. Ngezinga lawo, ubukhulu nobukhulu bomsindo, ubukhazikhazi bemibala ye-orchestra, akubonisa kahle okuthandwa yindilinga yezicukuthwane zaseSt. Petersburg engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-1792. Imisebenzi yadalwa ngomyalo wenkantolo, yanikezelwa ekunqobeni okukhulu kwebutho laseRussia noma ezenzakalweni ezinesizotha zomndeni wasebukhosini, futhi ngokuvamile zazenziwa endaweni evulekile. Kwesinye isikhathi ingqikithi yenani labaculi ifinyelela kubantu abangu-2. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, lapho enza i-oratorio ethi “Udumo kuNkulunkulu Osekuphakameni” (2) ekupheleni kwempi yaseRussia-Turkish, amakhwaya angu-1789, amalungu angu-1790 e-symphony orchestra, i-orchestra yophondo, iqembu elikhethekile lezinsimbi ezishaywayo. kwasetshenziswa, kukhala insimbi nokudubula kwenganono (!). Eminye imisebenzi yohlobo lwe-oratorio yahlukaniswa ngesikhumbuzo esifanayo - "Sidumisa uNkulunkulu kuwe" (ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa kuka-Ochakov, XNUMX), iTe Deum (ekuthunjweni kwenqaba yaseKiliya, XNUMX), njll.

Umsebenzi wokufundisa kaSarti, owaqala e-Italy (umfundi wakhe - L. Cherubini), wembuleka ngokugcwele eRussia, lapho uSarti enza khona isikole sakhe sokuqamba. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona S. Degtyarev, S. Davydov, L. Gurilev, A. Vedel, D. Kashin.

Ngokuphathelene nokubaluleka kwazo kwezobuciko, imisebenzi kaSarti ayilingani - isondela emisebenzini yenguquko ka-KV Gluck kwamanye ama-opera, umqambi emisebenzini yakhe eminingi usalokhu ethembekile olimini lwendabuko lwangaleso sikhathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, amakhwaya amukelekayo kanye nama-cantatas amakhulu, abhalelwe ikakhulukazi eRussia, asebenza njengamamodeli abaqambi baseRussia isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwawo emashumini eminyaka alandela, futhi ayenziwa emikhosini nasemikhosini kwaze kwaba sekugcotshweni kukaNicholas I (1826). ).

A. Lebedeva