Ukuvumelana emculweni: ezinkulu nezincane

Umagazini wethu olandelayo ugxile entweni efana nomfana. Sizozama ukuphendula imibuzo elandelayo: iyini imodi emculweni, lo mqondo ungachazwa kanjani, futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zezindlela zomculo.

Kuyini-ke ukukhathazeka? Khumbula ukuthi leli gama lisho ukuthini ngaphandle komculo? Empilweni, ngezinye izikhathi bathi ngabantu ukuthi bayezwana, okungukuthi, bangabangane, bayazwana futhi bayasizana. Emculweni, imisindo kufanele ihambisane nomunye nomunye, ivumelane, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kube ingoma, kodwa i-cacophony eyodwa eqhubekayo. Kuvele ukuthi ukuzwana emculweni yimisindo ehambisanayo.

Fret izisekelo

Kunemisindo eminingi engomeni futhi yehlukile. Kukhona imisindo ezinzile - esekelayo, futhi kukhona engazinzile - ehambayo. Ukuze wenze umculo, bobabili bayadingeka, futhi kufanele bashintshane futhi basizane.

Ukwakhiwa komculo kungafaniswa nokwakhiwa kodonga lwezitini. Njengoba udonga lwakhiwe ngezitini nosimende phakathi kwazo, kanjalo nengoma izalwa kuphela lapho kunemisindo ezinzile nengazinzile.

Imisindo eqinile iletha ukuthula emculweni, inciphisa ukunyakaza okusebenzayo, ngokuvamile iqeda ucezu lomculo. Imisindo engazinzile iyadingeka ekuthuthukisweni; bahlala behola ukuthuthukiswa komculo kude nemisindo ezinzile futhi babuyele kubo futhi. Yonke imisindo engazinzile ijwayele ukuphenduka ibe ezinzile, futhi ezinzile, ngokufanayo, njengamamagnethi iheha engazinzile.

Kungani imisindo ezinzile nengazinzile isebenza ngokuvumelana ngokungakhathali? Ukuze uthole uhlobo oluthile lwengoma - ehlekisayo noma edabukisayo. Okusho ukuthi, imisindo ye-fret ingaphinde ithinte isimo somculo, kubonakala sengathi igubha izingoma zibe yimithunzi ehlukene yemizwa.

Izinhlobo zokukhathazeka: ezinkulu nezincane

Ngakho-ke, imodi ihlala iyiqembu lonke lemisindo esebenza ngokungakhathali ukuze idale izingoma zazo zonke izinhlobo zemizwa. Ziningi izindlela emculweni, kodwa kukhona ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu. Zibizwa ngokuthi ezinkulu nezincane.

Isilinganiso esikhulu, noma esikhulu nje, ithoni yokukhanya nokuzijabulisa. Ilungele ukudala umculo othokozisayo, owenamayo nonenjabulo. Isikali esincane, noma esincane nje, singumpetha womculo odabukisayo nocabangelayo.

Imodi enkulu ilanga elikhanyayo nesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza, futhi imodi encane ukushona kwelanga okubomvu kanye neziqongo zehlathi lesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu ezimnyama ngaphansi kwalo. Isilinganiso esikhulu utshani obuluhlaza obuluhlaza otshanini otshanini, imbuzi empunga ibudla ngokujabula okukhulu. Imodi encane iwukubuka efasiteleni kusihlwa ukuthi amaqabunga ekwindla awela kanjani kanye namakristalu emvula yasekwindla aconsa. Ubuhle bungahluka, futhi abakhulu nabancane - abaculi ababili abalungele ukudweba noma yisiphi isithombe ngemisindo yabo.

ICEBISO. Uma usebenza nezingane, kuyoba usizo ukusebenza ngezithombe. Bonisa ingane uchungechunge lwezithombe, mvumele acabange ukuthi zingazwakala kanjani - ezinkulu noma ezincane? Ungalanda iqoqo eliqediwe kithi. Njengomsebenzi wokudala, ingane inganikezwa ukudala igalari yakhe yezithombe ezinkulu nezincane. Lokhu kuzovusa umcabango wakhe wokudala.

IZITHOMBE EZIKHETHIWE “EZZINKULU NEZZINCANE” – LANDA

Izingoma ezaziwa kakhulu njengokuthi "Isihlahla sikaKhisimusi sazalelwa ehlathini", Iculo elihloniphekile leRussian Federation, kanye nelanga elithi "Smile" laqanjwa ngezinga elikhulu. Izingoma ezithi “Intethe yahlala otshanini” nethi “I-birch yema endle” aqanjwa ngesilinganiso esincane.

UMBUZO. Lalela izingcezu ezimbili zomculo. Lena imidanso emibili evela ku-"Albhamu Yezingane" kaPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Omunye umdanso ubizwa ngokuthi "waltz", omunye - "mazurka". Iyiphi ocabanga ukuthi iphezulu futhi iyiphi encane?

Ucezu No. 1 “Waltz”

Isiqephu esingu-2 “Mazurka”

Izimpendulo ezinembile: I-“Waltz” iwumculo oyinhloko, futhi i-“Mazurka” incane.

Ukhiye kanye ne-gamma

Izindlela ezinkulu nezincane zingakhiwa kusuka kunoma yimuphi umsindo womculo - kusuka ku-do, kusuka ku-re, kusuka ku-mi, njll. Lo msindo wokuqala, obaluleke kakhulu uzobizwa ngokuthi i-tonic ngokuvumelana. Futhi isikhundla sokuphakama se-fret, esixhumanisa nohlobo oluthile lwe-tonic, sichazwa ngegama elithi "tonality".

I-tonality ngayinye kufanele ibizwe ngandlela-thile. Umuntu unegama nesibongo, futhi ukhiye unegama le-tonic nemodi, engahlanganiswa negama elilodwa. Isibonelo, i-C enkulu (inothi DO i-tonic, okungukuthi, umsindo oyinhloko, ukaputeni weqembu, i-fret yakhiwe kuyo, futhi i-fret inkulu). Noma esinye isibonelo: D minor isikali esincane esivela kunothi PE. Ezinye izibonelo: u-E omkhulu, u-F omkhulu, u-G omncane, u-A omncane, njll.

UMSEBENZI. Zama ukwenza igama elithile lokhiye ngokwakho. Thatha noma iyiphi i-tonic nanoma yikuphi ukukhathazeka, ukuhlanganise. Utholeni?

Uma ubeka yonke imisindo yesihluthulelo ngokulandelana, uqala nge-tonic, uthola isikali. Isilinganiso siqala nge-tonic futhi siphetha ngayo. Ngendlela, izikali zibizwa ngokufana ncamashi nezihluthulelo. Isibonelo, isikali sika-E esincane siqala ngenothi MI futhi siphethe inothi MI, isikali esikhulu sika-G siqala ngenothi S futhi siphethe inothi elifanayo. Uyaqonda? Nasi isibonelo somculo:

Kodwa avelaphi ama-Sharps namaflethi kulezi zikali? Ake sixoxe kabanzi ngalokhu. Kuvela ukuthi izikali ezinkulu nezincane zinesakhiwo sazo esikhethekile.

Isakhiwo sesikali esikhulu

Ukuze uthole isikali esikhulu, udinga ukuthatha imisindo eyisishiyagalombili kuphela futhi uyihlele. Kodwa akuyona yonke imisindo evumelana nathi. Indlela yokukhetha ezifanele? Uyazi ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwezinyathelo lingaba ingxenye yethoni noma ithoni yonke. Ngakho-ke, ngesilinganiso esikhulu, kuyadingeka ukuthi ibanga phakathi kwemisindo yalo lihambisane nefomula: ithoni-ithoni, i-semitone, ithoni-ithoni-ithoni, i-semitone.

Isibonelo, isikali esikhulu sika-C siqala ngenothi ethi DO futhi siphethe inothi elithi DO. Phakathi komsindo othi DO no-RE kunebanga lethoni eyodwa, phakathi kwe-RE ne-MI kukhona nethoni, futhi phakathi kwe-MI ne-FA kuyingxenye yethoni kuphela. Okunye: phakathi kwe-FA ne-SOL, i-SOL ne-LA, i-LA kanye ne-SI ngethoni ephelele, phakathi kwe-SI kanye ne-DO ephezulu - i-semitone kuphela.

Masibhekane namathoni nama-semitones

Uma ukhohlwe ukuthi yimaphi amathoni nama-semitones, ake sikuphinde. I-semitone iyisikhawu esifushane ukusuka kunothi elilodwa ukuya kwelinye. Ikhibhodi yepiyano isibonisa ama-semitones phakathi kwemisindo ngokucace kakhulu. Uma udlala zonke izihluthulelo zilandelana, ngaphandle kokweqa okumhlophe noma okumnyama, khona-ke lapho usuka kokhiye owodwa uya komunye, sizovele sidlule ibanga le-semitone eyodwa.

Njengoba ubona, i-semitone ingadlalwa ngokukhuphuka usuka kukhiye omhlophe uye kwemnyama oseduze, noma ukwehla usuka komnyama uye komhlophe, oseduze kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezakheka kuphela phakathi kwemisindo “emhlophe”: lena yi-MI-FA ne-SI-DO.

I-semitone inguhhafu, futhi uma uhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili ndawonye, ​​uthola okuthile okuphelele, uthola ithoni eyodwa ephelele. Kukhibhodi yepiyano, amathoni aphelele angatholakala kalula phakathi kokhiye ababili abaseduze abamhlophe uma behlukaniswa ngomnyama. Okusho ukuthi, i-DO-RE iyithoni, futhi i-RE-MI nayo iyithoni, kodwa i-MI-FA ayiyona ithoni, i-semitone: akukho lutho oluhlukanisa lezi zihluthulelo ezimhlophe.

Ukuze uthole ithoni ephelele kunothi MI ngepheya, awudingi ukuthatha i-FA elula, kodwa i-FA-SHARP, okungukuthi, wengeze enye ithoni yesigamu. Noma ungashiya i-FA, kodwa-ke kufanele wehlise i-MI, uthathe i-MI-FLAT.

Ngokuqondene nezihluthulelo ezimnyama, kupiyano zihlelwe ngamaqembu - amabili noma amathathu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi kweqembu, izikhiye ezimbili ezimnyama eziseduze nazo ziyasuswa komunye nomunye ngethoni eyodwa. Isibonelo, i-C-SHARP ne-D-SHARP, kanye ne-G-FLAT ne-A-FLAT, zonke ziyinhlanganisela yamanothi asinika amathoni aphelele.

Kodwa ezikhaleni ezinkulu phakathi kwamaqembu "izinkinobho" ezimnyama, okungukuthi, lapho okhiye ababili abamhlophe bebekwe phakathi kwezihluthulelo ezimbili ezimnyama, ibanga lizoba ngamathoni owodwa nesigamu (ama-semitones amathathu). Isibonelo: ukusuka ku-MI-flat kuya ku-F-sharp noma ukusuka ku-SI-flat kuya ku-C-sharp.

Imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana namathoni nama-semitones ingatholakala kusihloko esithi Accidentals.

Ukwakha izikali ezinkulu

Ngakho-ke, esikalini esikhulu, imisindo kufanele ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi phakathi kwabo kukhona amathoni amabili okuqala, bese kuba ama-semitones, bese kuba amathoni amathathu futhi futhi i-semitone. Njengesibonelo, ake sakhe isikali sika-D esikhulu. Okokuqala, senza "okungenalutho" - sibhala amanothi ngokulandelana kusuka kumsindo ophansi we-PE kuya ku-PE ephezulu. Ngempela, ku-D enkulu, i-PE yomsindo i-tonic, isikali kufanele siqale ngaso futhi kufanele siphele ngaso.

Futhi manje udinga "ukuthola ubudlelwano" phakathi kwemisindo futhi uyenze ihambisane nefomula yesikali esikhulu.

• Kukhona ithoni ephelele phakathi kwe-RE ne-MI, konke kuhamba kahle lapha, asiqhubeke.
• Phakathi kwe-MI ne-FA kune-semitone, kodwa kule ndawo, ngokusho kwefomula, kufanele kube nethoni. Siyiqondisa - ngokwandisa umsindo we-FA, sengeza enye ithoni yesigamu kude. Sithola: MI kanye ne-F-SHARP - ithoni eyodwa ephelele. Oda manje!
• I-F-SHARP ne-SALT zisinika isemitone okufanele ibe sendaweni yesithathu. Kuvele ukuthi akubanga yize ukuthi siphakamise inothi le-FA, lokhu okubukhali bekusewusizo kithina. Qhubeka.
• I-SOL-LA, i-LA-SI ngamathoni aphelele, njengoba kufanele kube ngokuvumelana nefomula, sibashiya bengashintshiwe.
• Imisindo emibili elandelayo i-SI ne-DO iyisemitone. Usuvele wazi ukuthi ungayiqondisa kanjani: udinga ukukhulisa ibanga - beka ibukhali phambi kwe-DO. Uma kudingekile ukuba sinciphise ibanga, besilibeka phansi. Uyasiqonda isimiso?
• Imisindo yokugcina - i-C-SHARP ne-RE - iyi-semitone: okudingayo!

Sagcina ngani? Kuvele ukuthi kukhona obukhali ababili esikalini esikhulu sika-D: F-SHARP kanye ne-C-SHARP. Uyaqonda manje ukuthi bavelaphi?

Ngokufanayo, ungakha izikali ezinkulu kusuka kunoma iyiphi imisindo. Futhi lapho, futhi, kuzovela ama-Sharps noma amaflethi. Isibonelo, ku-F enkulu kuneflethi elilodwa (SI-FLAT), kanti ku-C enkulu kukhona obukhali abafika kwabahlanu (DO, RE, FA, SOL kanye ne-A-SHARP).

Ungakwazi ukwakha izikali hhayi kuphela "kokhiye abamhlophe", kodwa futhi kusukela kumisindo ephansi noma ephakanyisiwe. Ungakhohlwa ukucabangela izimpawu ozaziyo. Isibonelo, isikali esikhulu se-E-flat yisikali esinamafulethi amathathu (i-MI-flat ngokwayo, i-A-flat ne-B-flat), kanti isikali esikhulu se-F-sharp siyisilinganiso esinama-Sharps ayisithupha (wonke ama-Sharps ngaphandle kwe-C-sharp ).

Isakhiwo sesikali esincane

Lapha isimiso sicishe sifane nezikali ezinkulu, kuphela ifomula yesakhiwo sesikali esincane esihluke kancane: ithoni, i-semitone, ithoni-ithoni, i-semitone, ithoni-ithoni. Ngokusebenzisa lokhu kulandelana kwamathoni nama-semitones, ungathola kalula isikali esincane.

Ake sibheke izibonelo. Ake sakhe isikali esincane kusuka kunothi elithi SALT. Okokuqala, vele ubhale wonke amanothi ngokulandelana ukusuka ku-G kuye ku-G (kusuka ku-tonic ephansi kuya ekuphindaphindweni kwayo phezulu).

Okulandelayo, sibheka amabanga phakathi kwemisindo:

• Phakathi kwe-SALT ne-LA - ithoni yonke, njengoba kufanele ibe ngokuvumelana nefomula.
• Okwengeziwe: I-LA ne-SI nazo ziyithoni, kodwa i-semitone iyadingeka kule ndawo. Okufanele ngikwenze? Kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ibanga, ngoba lokhu sehlisa umsindo we-SI ngosizo lwefulethi. Lapha sinesibonakaliso sokuqala - B-flat.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwefomula, sidinga amathoni amabili aphelele. Phakathi kwemisindo ethi B-flat nethi DO, kanye nethi DO kanye neRE, kunebanga elinjalo njengoba kufanele libe.
• Okulandelayo: RE kanye ne-MI. Kukhona ithoni ephelele phakathi kwala manothi, kodwa kuphela i-semitone edingekayo. Futhi, usuyazi kakade ukwelashwa: sehlisa inothi MI, futhi sithola isemitone phakathi kwe-RE ne-MI-FLAT. Nalu uphawu lwesibili kuwe!
• Sihlola okokugcina: sidinga amanye amathoni amabili aphelele. I-MI FLAT ene-FA iyithoni, kanti i-FA ne-SA nayo iyithoni. Konke kulungile!

Utholeni ekugcineni? Kunamafulethi amabili esikalini esincane se-G: SI-FLAT kanye ne-MI-FLAT.

Ukuze uzijwayeze, ungazakha noma "ucoshe" izikali ezincane ezimbalwa: isibonelo, u-F obukhali omncane kanye no-A omncane.

Ungasithola kanjani esinye isikali esincane?

Izikali ezinkulu nezincane, ezakhiwe kusukela ku-tonic efanayo, zihluka komunye nomunye ngemisindo emithathu kuphela. Ake sithole ukuthi uyini lo mehluko. Ake siqhathanise isikali C esikhulu (azikho izimpawu) kanye no-C ezincane (amafulethi amathathu).

Umsindo ngamunye wesikali uyidigri. Ngakho, esikalini esincane, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso esikhulu, kunezinyathelo ezintathu eziphansi - eyesithathu, yesithupha neyesikhombisa (ephawulwe ngezinombolo zamaRoma - III, VI, VII). Ngakho, uma sazi isikali esikhulu, khona-ke singathola kalula isikali esincane ngokushintsha imisindo emithathu kuphela.

Ngokuzivocavoca, masisebenze ngokhiye we-G enkulu. Esikalini esikhulu se-G, okubukhali okukodwa ngu-F-SHARP, okuyidigri yesikhombisa yesikali.

• Sehlisa isinyathelo sesithathu - inothi SI, sithola i-SI-FLAT.
• Sehlisa isinyathelo sesithupha - inothi MI, sithola i-MI-FLAT.
• Sehlisa isinyathelo sesikhombisa - inothi F-SHARP. Lo msindo usuvele uphakanyisiwe, futhi ukuze unciphise, udinga nje ukukhansela ukwanda, okungukuthi, susa okubukhali.

Ngakho-ke, ku-G encane kuzoba nezimpawu ezimbili kuphela - i-SI-FLAT ne-MI-FLAT, futhi i-F-SHARP ivele inyamalale kuyo ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo. Njengoba ubona, akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi.

Imisindo enganyakazi futhi engazinzile kokukhulu

Kunezinyathelo eziyisikhombisa kuzo zombili izikali ezinkulu nezincane, ezintathu zazo ezizinzile, nezine azinzile. Izinyathelo ezizinzile ingeyokuqala, eyesithathu neyesihlanu (I, III, V). Okungazinzile - lokhu konke okunye - okwesibili, kwesine, kwesithupha, kwesikhombisa (II, IV, VI, VII).

Izinyathelo ezizinzile, uma zihlanganiswa, zakha i-tonic triad, okungukuthi, i-triad eyakhiwe kusuka ku-tonic, kusukela esinyathelweni sokuqala. Igama elithi triad lisho iqoqo lemisindo emithathu. I-tonic triad ifushanisiwe njenge-T53 (enkulu) noma ngohlamvu oluncane oluthi t53 (okuncane).

Esikalini esikhulu, i-tonic triad inkulu, futhi esikalini esincane, ngokulandelana, sincane. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo ezintathu ezizinzile zisinika isithombe esiphelele se-tonality - i-tonic yayo nemodi. Imisindo ye-tonic triad iwuhlobo lomhlahlandlela wabaculi, ngokusho ukuthi bacushwe ekuqaleni komsebenzi.

Njengesibonelo, ake sibheke imisindo ezinzile futhi engazinzile kokuthi D enkulu futhi C minor.

I-D enkulu i-tonality elula enama-Sharps amabili (i-FA-SHARP ne-C-SHARP). Imisindo ezinzile kuyo i-RE, F-SHARP kanye ne-LA (amanothi okuqala, wesithathu kanye nesihlanu kusukela esikalini), ndawonye asinika i-tonic triad. Ezingazinzile yi-MI, SALT, SI kanye ne-C-SHARP. Bheka isibonelo: izinyathelo ezingazinzile zifakwe umthunzi ukuze kucace kangcono:

U-C minor yisikali esinamafulethi amathathu (B-Flat, E-Flat kanye ne-A-Flat), sincane ngakho-ke sizwakala nokusikisela okuncane kokudabuka. Izinyathelo ezizinzile lapha yi-DO (okokuqala), i-MI-FLAT (yesithathu) kanye no-G (yesihlanu). Basinika i-tonic triad encane. Izinyathelo ezingazinzile yi-RE, FA, A-FLAT, ne-B-FLAT.

Ngakho-ke, kulo magazini, sajwayelana nemibono yomculo efana nemodi, i-tonality kanye nesikali, sahlola isakhiwo sezinto ezinkulu nezincane, safunda indlela yokuthola izinyathelo ezinzile nezingazinzile. Kulezi zindaba ezilandelayo, uzofunda mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu nezincane nokuthi yiziphi ezinye izindlela zomculo, kanye nendlela yokubona ngokushesha ama-Sharps namaflethi kunoma yimuphi ukhiye.