Leopold Stokowski |

ULeopold Stokowski

Isibalo esinamandla sikaLeopold Stokowski siyingqayizivele futhi sinezici eziningi. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, iye yaphakama endaweni yobuciko bomhlaba, ijabulisa amashumi nezinkulungwane zabathandi bomculo, ibangela impikiswano eshubile, edidayo ngezimfumbe ezingalindelekile, ishaya ngamandla angakhathali kanye nentsha yaphakade. U-Stokowski, ogqamile, ngokungafani nanoma yimuphi omunye umqhubi, umdidiyeli ovuthayo wobuciko phakathi kwabantu abaningi, umdali wama-orchestra, uthisha osemusha, umsakazi, iqhawe le-movie, waba ngumuntu ocishe abe yinganekwane eMelika nangale kwemingcele yayo. Abantu bakithi babevame ukumbiza ngokuthi “inkanyezi” yesitendi somqhubi. Futhi ngisho nokucabangela ukuthambekela kwabantu baseMelika ezincazelweni ezinjalo, kunzima ukungavumelani nalokhu.

Umculo wawugcwele ukuphila kwakhe konke, wakha incazelo nokuqukethwe kwawo. Leopold Anthony Stanislav Stokowski (leli igama eligcwele umculi) wazalelwa eLondon. Ubaba wakhe wayengumPolish, umama wakhe engumIrish. Kusukela eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili wafunda upiyano ne-violin, wabe esefunda i-ogani kanye nokuqamba, waphinde wenza eRoyal College of Music eLondon. Ngo-1903, lo mculi osemusha wathola i-bachelor degree e-Oxford University, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wazithuthukisa eParis, Munich naseBerlin. Njengomfundi, uStokowski wasebenza njenge-ogani eSt James's Church eLondon. Waqale wathatha lesi sikhundla eNew York, lapho athuthela khona ngo-1905. Kodwa ngokushesha ukukhuthala kwamholela endaweni yesikhulumi somqhubi: UStokowski wazizwa enesidingo esiphuthumayo sokukhuluma ngolimi lomculo hhayi eqenjini elincane lamakholwa, kodwa kubo bonke abantu. . Wenza i-debut yakhe eLondon, ephethe uchungechunge lwamakhonsathi ehlobo avulekile ngo-1908. Futhi ngonyaka olandelayo waba umqondisi wobuciko we-orchestra encane ye-symphony eCincinnati.

Lapha, ngokokuqala ngqa, kwavela idatha yenhlangano ekhaliphile yomculi. Ngokushesha wahlela kabusha iqembu, wandisa ukubunjwa kwalo futhi wazuza izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza. Umqhubi osemusha kwakukhulunywa ngaye yonke indawo, futhi ngokushesha wamenywa ukuba ahole i-orchestra e-Philadelphia, enye yezikhungo ezinkulu zomculo ezweni. Inkathi kaStokowski ne-Philadelphia Orchestra yaqala ngo-1912 futhi yathatha cishe ingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka. Kwakuphakathi nale minyaka lapho kokubili i-orchestra nombhidisi bathola khona udumo emhlabeni wonke. Abagxeki abaningi babheka ukuqala kwayo njengalolo suku ngo-1916, lapho uStokowski eqala ukwenza ePhiladelphia (bese eNew York) i-Eighth Symphony ka-Mahler, ukusebenza kwayo okwabangela isivunguvungu senjabulo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umculi uhlela uchungechunge lwakhe lwamakhonsathi eNew York, okuthe ngokushesha kwaduma, okubhaliselwe okukhethekile komculo wezingane kanye nentsha. Izifiso zentando yeningi zenze u-Stokowski ukuba enze umsebenzi wekhonsathi oshube ngokungavamile, ukuze afune imibuthano emisha yabalaleli. Nokho, uStokowski wazama kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesinye isikhathi wasichitha isikhundla sokuba umphelezeli, wasiphathisa wonke amalungu e-orchestra ngokudedelana. Ngandlela-thile, uyakwazi ukufeza isiyalo sensimbi ngempela, ukubuya okuphezulu kwabaculi, ukugcwaliseka kwabo okuqinile kwazo zonke izidingo zabo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwabadlali nomqhubi wenqubo yokwenza umculo. Emakhonsathini, uStokowski ngezinye izikhathi wayephendukela emiphumeleni yokukhanyisa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezengeziwe. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wakwazi ukuzuza amandla amakhulu umxhwele ekuhumusheni inhlobonhlobo yemisebenzi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakhiwa isithombe sobuciko sikaStokowski kanye ne-repertoire yakhe. Njengawo wonke ama-conductor walokhu bukhulu. UStokowski ukhulume ngazo zonke izindawo zomculo we-symphonic, kusukela emsuka wawo kuze kube namuhla. Ungumnikazi wemisebenzi eminingi ye-orchestra ye-virtuoso ka-JS Bach. Umqhubi, njengomthetho, ufakwe ezinhlelweni zakhe zekhonsathi, ehlanganisa umculo wezinkathi ezahlukene nezitayela, imisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu nengaziwa kancane, ekhohliwe ngokungafanele noma engakaze yenziwe. Kakade eminyakeni yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe eFiladelphia, wafaka amanoveli amaningi ku-repertoire yakhe. Futhi-ke uStokovsky wazibonakalisa njengomsakazi oqinisekile womculo omusha, wethula amaMelika emisebenzini eminingi ngababhali besikhathi samanje - uSchoenberg, uStravinsky, uVarese, uBerg, uProkofiev, uSatie. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uStokowski waba ngowokuqala eMelika ukwenza imisebenzi kaShostakovich, okwathi, ngosizo lwakhe, yathola ukuthandwa okukhulu e-United States. Ekugcineni, ngaphansi kwezandla zikaStokowski, ngokokuqala ngqa, inqwaba yemisebenzi yabalobi baseMelika - uCopland, Stone, Gould nabanye - bazwakala. (Qaphela ukuthi umqhubi wayekhuthele ku-American League of Composers kanye negatsha le-International Society for Contemporary Music.) UStokowski akazange asebenze endaweni ye-opera, kodwa ngo-1931 waqhuba umdlalo wokuqala waseMelika we-Wozzeck e-Philadelphia.

Ngo-1935-1936, Stokowski wenza uhambo lokunqoba eYurophu neqembu lakhe, enikeza amakhonsathi emadolobheni angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Ngemva kwalokho, ushiya "Philadelphians" futhi isikhathi esithile uzinikela emsebenzini emsakazweni, ukuqoshwa komsindo, cinema. Udlala emakhulwini ezinhlelo zomsakazo, ekhuthaza umculo obalulekile okokuqala ngqa esikalini esinjalo, uqopha inqwaba yamarekhodi, afakwe inkanyezi kufilimu ethi The Big Radio Program (1937), One Hundred Men and One Girl (1939), Fantasia (1942). , iqondiswe nguW. Disney), "Carnegie Hall" (1948). Kulawa mafilimu, udlala yena - umqhubi we-Stokowski futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, ukhonza isizathu esifanayo sokujwayela izigidi zababukeli befilimu ngomculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le midwebo, ikakhulukazi "Ikhulu Lamadoda Nentombazane Eyodwa" nethi "Fantasy", yaletha umculi ukuthandwa okungakaze kubonwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Eminyakeni engamashumi amane, uStokowski uphinde usebenze njengomhleli nomholi wamaqembu e-symphony. Wakha i-All-American Youth Orchestra, ehamba naye ezweni lonke, i-City Symphony Orchestra yaseNew York, ngo-1945-1947 wahola i-orchestra eHollywood, kwathi ngo-1949-1950, kanye no-D. Mitropoulos, bahola iqembu. I-New York Philharmonic. Khona-ke, ngemva kwekhefu, lo mculi ohlonishwayo waba inhloko ye-orchestra edolobheni laseHouston (1955), futhi kakade eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha wadala iqembu lakhe, i-American Symphony Orchestra, ngesisekelo se-orchestra ye-NBC eyaqedwa. okuyinto abasha abadlala izinsimbi abakhuliswe ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe. kanye nama-conductor.

Yonke le minyaka, naphezu kokukhula kwakhe, u-Stokowski akanciphisi umsebenzi wakhe wokudala. Wenza izinkambo eziningi e-United States naseYurophu, ehlala efuna futhi enza izingoma ezintsha. UStokovsky ubonisa isithakazelo esiqhubekayo emculweni waseSoviet, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zamakhonsathi akhe asebenza ngoShostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Gliere, Khachaturian, Khrennikov, Kabalevsky, Amirov nabanye abaqambi. Ukhuthaza ubungane nokubambisana phakathi kwabaculi base-USSR kanye ne-USA, ezibiza ngokuthi “umshisekeli wokushintshana phakathi kwamasiko aseRussia nawaseMelika.”

UStokowski waqala wavakashela i-USSR ngo-1935. Kodwa-ke akazange anikeze amakhonsathi, kodwa wajwayelana kuphela nemisebenzi yabaqambi baseSoviet. Ngemuva kwalokho uStokowski udlale ingoma kaShostakovich ethi Fifth Symphony okokuqala e-USA. Futhi ngo-1958, umculi odumile wanikeza amakhonsathi ngempumelelo enkulu eMoscow, Leningrad, Kyiv. Izilaleli zaseSoviet zaziqiniseka ukuthi isikhathi sasingenawo amandla phezu kwethalenta lakhe. “Kusukela emisindweni yokuqala yomculo, uL. Stokowski ubusa izilaleli,” kubhala umgxeki u-A. Medvedev, “ebaphoqa ukuba balalele futhi bakholwe lokho afuna ukukusho. Ikhanga abalaleli ngamandla ayo, ukukhanya, ukucabanga okujulile kanye nokunemba kokwenza. Udala ngesibindi futhi ekuqaleni. Khona-ke, ngemva kwekhonsathi, uzobonisa, uqhathanise, uzindle, ungavumelani ngokuthile, kodwa ehholo, ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ubuciko bomqhubi buthinta ngokungenakuvinjelwa. Isenzo sika-L. Stokowski silula kakhulu, sicace kafushane… Uzibamba ngokuqinile, ngokuzola, futhi kuphela ngezikhathi zoshintsho oluphuthumayo, umvuthwandaba, ngezikhathi ezithile uzivumela igagasi elimangalisayo lezandla zakhe, ukuphenduka komzimba, ukuthinta okunamandla nokubukhali. Zinhle ngokumangalisayo futhi ziveza izandla zika-L. Stokowski: zicela nje ukudweba! Umunwe ngamunye uyavezwa, ukwazi ukudlulisa ukuthintana okuncane komculo, okuvezayo kuyibhulashi elikhulu, njengokungathi lintanta emoyeni, ngokusobala “udweba” i-cantilena, igagasi elinamandla elingalibaleki lesandla esigoqwe esinqindini, liyala isingeniso ukuthi amapayipi ... ”U-Leopold Stokowski ukhunjulwe yiwo wonke umuntu owake wahlangana nobuciko bakhe obuhle futhi bokuqala…

Lit.: L. Stokowski. Umculo wawo wonke umuntu. M., 1963 (ed. 2nd).

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, ngo-1969