UMaria Petrovna Maksakova |

UMaria Maksakova

UMaria Petrovna Maksakova wazalwa ngo-April 8, 1902 e-Astrakhan. Ubaba washeshe washona, futhi umama, ethwele kanzima emndenini, akakwazanga ukunaka izingane. Lapho ineminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, intombazane yaya esikoleni. Kodwa akazange afunde kahle ngenxa uhlamvu yakhe eyinqaba: wavala yena ngokwakhe, waba undentable, wabe esethatha abangane bakhe imigilingwane enjengeye enobudlova.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi waqala ukucula ekwayeni yesonto. Futhi lapha uMarusya wabonakala eshintshiwe. Intombazane ethatheka kalula, eyabanjwa wumsebenzi ekwayeni, yagcina ithule.

“Ngafunda ukuzifundela umculo ngedwa,” kukhumbula lo mculi. - Ngalokhu, ngabhala isikali odongeni ekhaya futhi ngisicindezela usuku lonke. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, ngabhekwa njengochwepheshe bomculo, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana ngase ngisenalo kakade “igama” lomculi wekwaya owayefunda ngokukhululekile eshidini.

Ngemva konyaka, uMarusya waba umholi weqembu le-viola lekwaya, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1917. Yilapho lapho izimfanelo ezinhle zomculi zaqala ukukhula - iphimbo elingenasici nomsindo ohamba phambili.

Ngemva Okthoba Revolution, lapho imfundo iba mahhala, Maksakova wangena esikoleni somculo, ekilasini upiyano. Njengoba wayengenalo ithuluzi ekhaya, ufunda esikoleni nsuku zonke kuze kube kusihlwa. Kumaciko asafufusa, uhlobo oluthile lokuthatheka luyisici ngaleso sikhathi. Uyakujabulela ukulalela isikali, ngokuvamile “inzondo” yabo bonke abafundi.

“Ngangiwuthanda kakhulu umculo,” kubhala uMakisakova. - Ngezinye izikhathi, ngangizwa, ngihamba emgwaqeni, ukuthi othile wayedlala kanjani izikali, ngangima ngaphansi kwefasitela ngilalele amahora amaningi baze bangixoshe.

Ngo-1917 nasekuqaleni kuka-1918, bonke labo ababesebenza ekwayeni yesonto bahlanganiswa baba ikhwaya yezwe eyodwa futhi babhaliswa eNhlanganweni YamaRabi. Ngakho ngasebenza izinyanga ezine. Khona-ke ikhwaya yahlukana, ngabe sengiqala ukufunda ukucula.

Izwi lami laliphansi kakhulu, cishe contralto. Esikoleni somculo, ngangibhekwa njengomfundi onekhono, futhi baqala ukungithumela emakhonsathini ayehlelelwe iRed Guard neButho Lasolwandle. Ngaphumelela futhi ngaziqhenya kakhulu ngakho. Ngemva konyaka, ngaqala ukufunda nothisha uBorodina kuqala, bese kuba nomculi we-Astrakhan Opera - i-dramatic soprano Smolenskaya, umfundi we-IV Tartakov. Smolenskaya waqala ukungifundisa indlela yokuba soprano. Ngayithanda kakhulu. Ngafunda isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi njengoba banquma ukuthumela i-Astrakhan Opera eTsaritsyn (manje eyiVolgograd) ehlobo, ukuze ngikwazi ukuqhubeka ngifunda nothisha wami, nganquma ukungenela i-opera.

Ngaya ku-opera ngokwesaba. Lapho engibona ngigqoke ingubo emfishane yabafundi ngifake isikele, umqondisi wanquma ukuthi ngize ukuzongenela ikhwaya yezingane. Nokho, ngasho ukuthi ngifuna ukuba umculi yedwa. Ngahlolwa, ngamukelwa futhi ngafundiswa ukuba ngifunde ingxenye ka-Olga ku-opera ethi Eugene Onegin. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva banginika u-Olga ukuba ngicule. Ngangingakaze ngizwe ukudlala kwe-opera futhi nganginombono omubi ngokusebenza kwami. Ngesizathu esithile, ngangingakwesabi ukucula kwami ​​ngaleso sikhathi. Umqondisi wangibonisa izindawo okufanele ngihlale kuzo nokuthi kufanele ngiye kuphi. Ngase ngingenangqondo ngaze ngaba yisilima. Futhi lapho othile ovela ekwayeni engisola ngokuthi, ngingakakwazi ukuhamba esiteji, ngase ngithola iholo lami lokuqala, ngawuqonda ngempela lo musho. Ukuze ngifunde indlela "yokuhamba esiteji", ngenza imbobo ekhethini elingemuva futhi, ngiguqe, ngibuke wonke umsebenzi ezinyaweni zabalingisi, ngizama ukukhumbula ukuthi bahamba kanjani. Ngamangala kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi bahamba ngendlela evamile, njengasempilweni. Ekuseni ngafika enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngahambahamba esiteji ngivale amehlo, ukuze ngithole imfihlo “yekhono lokuhamba esiteji”. Kwakusehlobo lika-1919. Ekwindla, umphathi omusha weqembu uMK Maksakov, njengoba besho, isiphepho sabo bonke abadlali abangakwazi. Injabulo yami yaba nkulu lapho uMaksakov engiphathisa indawo kaSiebel kuFaust, Madeleine eRigoletto nabanye. UMaksakov wayevame ukuthi nginethalente lasesiteji nezwi, kodwa angazi nhlobo ukucula. Ngaxakeka: “Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu, uma kakade sengicula esiteji futhi ngiphethe nerepertoire.” Nokho, lezi zingxoxo zangiphazamisa. Ngaqala ukucela uMK Maksakova ukuthi asebenze nami. Wayeseqenjini leqembu nomculi, nomqondisi, nomphathi weshashalazi, futhi wayengenaso isikhathi sami. Ngabe senginquma ukuyofunda ePetrograd.

Ngasuka esiteshini ngaya endaweni yokugcina izingane, kodwa ngenqatshwa ngesizathu sokuthi ngangingenaso idiploma yesikole samabanga aphezulu. Ukuvuma ukuthi kakade sengiwumlingisi we-opera, ngangesaba. Ngicasulwe ngokuphelele ukwaliwa, ngaphumela ngaphandle ngakhala kabuhlungu. Ngokokuqala ngqá ekuphileni kwami ​​ngahlaselwa ukwesaba kwangempela: ngingedwa edolobheni elingaziwa, ngaphandle kwemali, ngaphandle kwabantu engibaziyo. Ngenhlanhla, ngahlangana nomunye wabaculi bekhwaya e-Astrakhan emgwaqweni. Wangisiza ukuba ngizinze okwesikhashana emndenini engiwujwayele. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, uGlazunov ngokwakhe wangihlola esikhungweni sokugcinwa kwezincwadi. Wangidlulisela kuprofesa, okwakufanele ngiqale ukufunda kuye ukucula. Uprofesa wathi ngine-lyric soprano. Ngabe senginquma ukubuyela ngokushesha e-Astrakhan ngiyofunda noMaksakov, owathola kimi i-mezzo-soprano. Lapho ngibuyela ezweni lakithi, ngokushesha ngashada noMK Maksakov, owaba uthisha wami.

Ngenxa yamakhono akhe amahle, Maksakova wakwazi ukungena endlini ye-opera. “Wayenezwi lochwepheshe kanye nendodana eyanele,” kubhala uML Lvov. - Okungenasici kwakuwukunemba kwephimbo nomuzwa wesigqi. Into eyinhloko eyaheha umculi osemusha ekuculeni kwakuwukuvezwa komculo nenkulumo kanye nesimo sengqondo esisebenzayo kokuqukethwe komsebenzi owenziwayo. Yebo, konke lokhu kwakusekuncane, kodwa kwakwanele ngomuntu onolwazi lwesiteji ukuzwa amathuba okuthuthuka.

Ngo-1923, umculi waqala ukubonakala esiteji seBolshoi endimeni ka-Amneris futhi wamukelwa ngokushesha eqenjini lemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ukusebenza ezungezwe amakhosi anjengomqhubi uSuk kanye nomqondisi uLossky, abaculi abacula yedwa uNezhdanova, Sobinov, Obukhova, Stepanova, Katulskaya, umculi osemusha waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi akukho ithalente elingasiza ngaphandle kokuzikhandla okukhulu kwamandla: "Siyabonga ngobuciko bukaNezhdanova noLohengrin - Sobinov, ngiqale ngaqonda ukuthi isithombe senkosi enkulu sifinyelela umkhawulo wokuzwakalisa kuphela lapho ukuyaluza okukhulu kwangaphakathi kuzibonakalisa ngendlela elula necacile, lapho ingcebo yezwe elingokomoya ihlanganiswa nokuqina kokunyakaza. Ngilalele laba bahlabeleli, ngaqala ukuqonda injongo nencazelo yomsebenzi wami wesikhathi esizayo. Sengivele ngabona ukuthi ithalente nezwi kuyizinto kuphela ezisetshenziswa ngokuzikhandla kuphela umculi ngamunye angathola ilungelo lokucula esiteji seBolshoi Theatre. Ukuxhumana no-Antonina Vasilievna Nezhdanova, okwathi kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ngihlala e-Bolshoi Theatre kwaba igunya elikhulu kimi, wangifundisa ukuqina nokuqina kwezobuciko bami.

Ngo-1925 Maksakova wathunyelwa Leningrad. Lapho, repertoire yakhe operatic lagcwaliswa izingxenye Orpheus, uMarta (Khovanshchina) kanye nomngane Dasha ku opera For Red Petrograd by Gladkovsky futhi Prussak. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-1927, uMaria wabuyela eMoscow, e-State Academic Bolshoi Theatre, wahlala kwaze kwaba ngu-1953 umculi ohamba yedwa ohamba phambili weqembu lokuqala lezwe.

Akunakwenzeka ukubiza ingxenye enjalo ye-mezzo-soprano kuma-operas adlalwa e-Bolshoi Theatre lapho uMakskova engeke akhanye khona. Okungalibaleki ezinkulungwaneni zabantu kwakunguCarmen, uLyubasha, uMarina Mnishek, uMarfa, uHanna, uSpring, uLel emiculweni yaseRussia yakudala, uDelilah, u-Azuchena, u-Ortrud, uCharlotte eWerther, futhi ekugcineni u-Orpheus ku-opera kaGluck edlalwa ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe ngu. i-State Ensemble opera ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-IS Kozlovsky. WayenguClarice omangalisayo encwadini kaProkofiev ethi The Love for Three Oranges, i-Almast yokuqala ku-opera ka-Spendiarov enegama elifanayo, i-Aksinya kwekaDzerzhinsky ethi The Quiet Don nethi Grunya ku-Battleship kaChishko i-Potemkin. Belulunjalo uhla lwalo mculi. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi umculi, kokubili eminyakeni yokuphila kwakhe kwesiteji, futhi kamuva, eshiya indawo yaseshashalazini, wanikeza amakhonsathi amaningi. Phakathi kwezimpumelelo zakhe eziphakeme kakhulu kungabhekwa ngokufanelekile ukuhunyushwa kothando nguTchaikovsky noSchumann, osebenza ngabaqambi baseSoviet nezingoma zomdabu.

UMaksakova uphakathi kwalabo abaculi baseSoviet abanethuba lokumela ubuciko bethu bomculo phesheya okokuqala ngqa ngeminyaka yama-30s, futhi ungumuntu ofaneleka kakhulu eTurkey, ePoland, eSweden naseminyakeni yangemva kwempi kwamanye amazwe.

Nokho, akuyona yonke into enhle kangaka empilweni yomculi omkhulu. Indodakazi kaLyudmila, naye ongumculi, Umculi Ohlonishwayo waseRussia uthi:

“Umyeni kamama (owayeyinxusa ePoland) wathathwa ebusuku wathathwa. Akaphindanga wambona. Futhi kwaba njalo nabaningi...

… Ngemva kokuboshwa nokudubula umyeni wakhe, waphila ngaphansi kwenkemba kaDamocles, ngoba kwakuyinkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kaStalin. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi umculi one-biography enjalo abe kuyo. Babefuna ukumthumela ekudingisweni kanye ne-ballerina Marina Semenova. Kodwa impi yabe isiqala, umama wahamba waya e-Astrakhan, futhi le ndaba yabonakala isiyikhohlwa. Kodwa lapho ebuyela eMoscow, kwavela ukuthi akukho lutho olwalukhohliwe: uGolovanov wasuswa ngomzuzu owodwa lapho ezama ukumvikela. Kodwa wayengumuntu onamandla - umqhubi oyinhloko weBolshoi Theatre, umculi omkhulu kunabo bonke, owawina imiklomelo kaStalin ... "

Kodwa ekugcineni konke kwalunga. Ngo-1944, uMaksakova wathola umklomelo wokuqala emncintiswaneni owawuhlelwe yiKomidi Lezobuciko lase-USSR ngokusebenza kahle kwengoma yesiRashiya. Ngo-1946, uMaria Petrovna wathola umklomelo we-USSR State Prize ngezimpumelelo ezivelele emkhakheni we-opera kanye nokusebenza kwekhonsathi. Wayithola kabili ngaphezulu - ngo-1949 nango-1951.

UMaksakova uyisisebenzi esikhulu esizikhandlayo esikwazile ukwandisa nokuphakamisa ithalente lakhe lemvelo ngomsebenzi ongakhathali. Uzakwabo wasesiteji u-ND Spiller uyakhumbula:

"UMaksakova waba umculi ngenxa yesifiso sakhe esikhulu sokuba umculi. Lesi sifiso, esinamandla njengesici, asikwazanga ukucinywa yinoma yini, wayeqhubekela ngokuqinile emgomweni wakhe. Lapho ethatha indima entsha, akazange ayeke ukusebenza kuyo. Wasebenza (yebo, wasebenza!) ezindimeni zakhe ngezigaba. Futhi lokhu kuhlale kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi uhlangothi lwezwi, ukuklama kwesiteji, ukubukeka - ngokuvamile, yonke into ithole ifomu lobuchwepheshe eliqediwe ngokuphelele, eligcwele incazelo enkulu nokuqukethwe ngokomzwelo.

Ayeyini amandla obuciko kaMaksakova? Indima yakhe ngayinye yayingeyona ingxenye eculwa cishe: namuhla esimweni - kuzwakala kungcono, kusasa hhayi - kubi nakakhulu. Wayenakho konke futhi ehlala “eqinisa” ngokwedlulele. Kwakuyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobuchwepheshe. Ngikhumbula ukuthi, ngesikhathi edlala uCarmen, phambi kwesiteji endaweni yokucima ukoma, uMaria Petrovna, ngemuva kwesigcawu, waphakamisa umphetho wesiketi sakhe izikhathi eziningana phambi kwesibuko futhi walandela ukunyakaza komlenze wakhe. Ubelungiselela inkundla okumele adanse kuyo. Kodwa izinkulungwane zamasu okulingisa, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, imishwana yezwi ecatshangelwe ngokucophelela, lapho yonke into yayicacile futhi iqondakala - ngokuvamile, wayenakho konke ukuze aveze ngokugcwele futhi ngokuzwakalayo, kanye nesiteji ukuveza isimo sangaphakathi samaqhawekazi akhe, ingqondo yangaphakathi ukuziphatha nezenzo zabo . UMaria Petrovna Maksakova uyingcweti enkulu yobuciko bezwi. Isiphiwo sakhe, ikhono lakhe eliphezulu, isimo sakhe sengqondo ngemidlalo yeshashalazi, umthwalo wakhe wemfanelo ufanele ukuhlonishwa kakhulu.”

Nakhu omunye uzakwethu u-S.Ya. uthi ngoMaksakova. I-Lemeshev:

“Akakaze ahluleke ukunambitheka kwezobuciko. Kungenzeka ukuthi "aqonde" kancane kunokuthi "acindezele" (futhi yilokhu okuvame ukuletha impumelelo elula kumdlali). Futhi nakuba ekujuleni kwethu abaningi bethu bazi ukuthi impumelelo enjalo ayibizi kangako, abaculi abakhulu kuphela abakwazi ukwenqaba. Ukuzwela komculo kaMaksakova kubonakala kukho konke, kuhlanganise nothando lwakhe lomsebenzi wekhonsathi, izincwadi zegumbi. Kunzima ukunquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi lomsebenzi wokudala kaMaksakova - isiteji se-opera noma isiteji sekhonsathi - okuzuze ukuthandwa okubanzi kangaka. Phakathi kwezidalwa zakhe ezinhle kakhulu emkhakheni wokusebenza kwekamelo kukhona ezothando zikaTchaikovsky, Balakirev, umjikelezo kaSchumann othi "Uthando Nokuphila Kowesifazane" nokunye okuningi.

Ngikhumbula iLungu lePhalamende uMaksakov, ecula izingoma zomdabu zaseRussia: yeka ukuhlanzeka nokuphana okungenakugwenywa komphefumulo waseRussia okwembulwa ekuculeni kwakhe, yeka ubumsulwa bemizwa nokuqina kwendlela! Ezingomeni zesiRashiya kunamakhorasi amaningi akude. Ungawacula ngezindlela ezahlukene: kokubili ngokushelelayo, nangenselelo, nangesimo sengqondo esifihliwe kumagama athi: “O, hamba esihogweni!”. Futhi uMaksakova wathola iphimbo lakhe, likhishwe, ngezinye izikhathi li-perky, kodwa lihlala lihlotshiswe ukuthamba kwabesifazane.

Futhi nansi umbono kaVera Davydova:

"UMaria Petrovna wayebaluleke kakhulu ekubukeni. Wayengagcini nje ngokuba muhle kakhulu futhi enesimo esihle. Kodwa wayehlala eqapha ngokucophelela isimo sakhe sangaphandle, enamathela ngokuqinile ekudleni okuqinile kanye nokuzivocavoca ngenkani ...

… Ama-dacha ethu eduze kwaseMoscow eSnegiri, eMfuleni i-Istra, ayema ​​eduze, futhi sachitha amaholide ethu ndawonye. Ngakho-ke, ngangihlangana noMaria Petrovna nsuku zonke. Ngabuka ukuphila kwakhe kwasekhaya okuzolile nomkhaya wakhe, ngabona uthando nokunaka kwakhe unina, odadewabo, ababesabela kuye ngendlela efanayo. UMaria Petrovna wayethanda ukuhamba amahora amaningi ngasosebeni lwe-Istra futhi ebuka imibono emangalisayo, amahlathi nezimfunda. Ngezinye izikhathi sasihlangana naye futhi sixoxe, kodwa ngokuvamile sasixoxa ngezindaba ezilula zokuphila kuphela futhi singathinteki neze ngomsebenzi wethu wemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ubudlelwano bethu babunobungane kakhulu futhi bumsulwa. Besiwuhlonipha futhi sazisa umsebenzi nobuciko bomunye nomunye.”

UMaria Petrovna, ngasekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, eshiye esiteji, waqhubeka ephila impilo ematasa. Wafundisa ubuciko bezwi e-GITIS, lapho ayenguprofesa osizayo, ehola i-People's Singing School eMoscow, wahlanganyela ejajini lemincintiswano eminingi ye-All-Union neyomhlaba wonke, futhi wahlanganyela ebuntatheli.

Maksakova wafa ngo-August 11, 1974 eMoscow.