Ukunyakaza komdlavuza |

Ukunyakaza kokucwasa ngokwebala, buyisela, noma hlehlisa, ukunyakaza (lat. i-cankering, i-canker, ngokuhlehlisa ukunyakaza; i-ital riverso, i-alla riversa, i-rivoltato, i-al rovescio iphinda isho ukuhlehliswa kwendikimba, ukunyakaza; I-German Krebsgang - i-shellfish) - uhlobo olukhethekile lokuguqulwa komculo, i-polyphonic. izingqikithi noma ucezu lonke lomculo. ukwakhiwa, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwalo mculo (isakhiwo) kusukela ekugcineni kuya ekuqaleni. R. njll ngokufana nomdlalo wasendulo wobuciko bomlomo - i-palindrome, kodwa, ngokungafani nayo njenge-Ch. hlela. ifomu lokubuka, R. njll ingabonwa ngendlebe. Indlela eyinkimbinkimbi R. njll kutholakala kuphela ku-prof. isudi; ukuqagela kwayo kuthonya isimilo seminyuziyamu. izithombe, kodwa ezibonelweni ezinhle kakhulu le nqubo ingaphansi kwemigomo ephakeme ecacile, nabanye abaningi. abaqambi abaqavile abazange bayishaye indiva emsebenzini wabo. Isibonelo sokuqala esaziwayo sikaR. njll equkethwe kwesinye sezigatshana zezikhathi zeSikole saseParis (Notre Dame). Kamuva uR. njll yayisetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ochwepheshe be-polyphony, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuthandwa kwayo kwakunqunywa incazelo yombhalo. R. njll evame ukubhekwa njengemnyuziyamu. uphawu lwemiqondo yengunaphakade, infinity (ngokwesibonelo, uhlu lwezingxenye ezintathu ze-S. U-Scheidt ku-“Tabulatura nova” namagama asuka kuhubo lama-30 elithi “non confundar in aeternum” – “mangingajabhiswa kuze kube phakade”) noma walisebenzisa njengemininingwane engokomfanekiso (ngokwesibonelo, ku-Missa Alleluia kaPierre de la Rue kuya bonisa amazwi eVangeli likaMarku "vade retro Satanis" - "suka kimi, Sathane"). Omunye womculo odume kakhulu futhi okhangayo. umsindo wezibonelo - i-rondo enezingxenye ezintathu ka-G. de Machaux “Isiphetho sami siyisiqalo sami, isiqalo sami siyisiphetho sami”: lapha, kukonke, kwakhiwa iphethini ehambisanayo eqinile. ifomu, lapho ingxenye yesi-2 (kusuka esilinganisweni sama-21) iphuma engxenyeni yoku-1 (ngokuhlelwa kabusha kwamazwi angenhla). Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwesu lomnyakazo wokubuya yilabo abaphikisana nomthetho (ikakhulukazi, abaqambi besikole samaDashi; bheka, isibonelo, i-motet ye-isorhythmic ethi "Balsamus et mundi" ka-Dufay) kufanele ihlolwe njengoprofesa. ucwaningo ngezobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene kanye ne-express. amathuba e-polyphony ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izisekelo zalobu buciko (i-canon ku-Magnificat yama-35 yasePalestrina iqinisekisa ukuphumelela okuphelele kwezinqubo, isibonelo). Abaqambi con. Ikhulu le-17-18 futhi lasebenzisa i-R. nakuba sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba. Yebo, ngi. C. U-Bach, ngokusobala efisa ukugcizelela ukucophelela okukhethekile kwentuthuko "Kumnikelo wakhe Womculo" "wetimu yasebukhosini", wethula izingxenye ezimbili ezingapheli "AmaCanon cancricans" esigaba sokuqala ekuqaleni kwawo. Ku-minuet evela ku-Haydn's sonata A-dur (Hob. XVI, No 26) ingxenye ngayinye yefomu elinezingxenye ezintathu eziyinkimbinkimbi iyizingxenye ezimbili kusetshenziswa ukunyakaza okubuyayo, kanye nezwi elizwakalayo elithi R. njll ayingqubuzani nobuhle bomculo. Ukulingisa uRakohodnaya ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kokunyakaza kwesine kwe-symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") V. A.

Empeleni, izimo ezilandelayo zokusebenzisa i-R. d. zihlukaniswa: 1) ku-c.-l. ngezwi elilodwa (njengokulingisa okukhulunywe ngakho kuka-WA ​​Mozart no-L. Beethoven); 2) kuwo wonke amazwi njengendlela yokwenza ukwakhiwa kokuphuma kokunye (okufana nezibonelo ezinikezwe emisebenzini ka-H. de Machaux no-J. Haydn); 3) i-canon canon (isibonelo, ku-JS Bach). Ngaphezu kwalokho, R. d. ingakha inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezinye izindlela zomculo. ukuguqulwa kwetimu. Ngakho-ke, izibonelo ze-mirror-reverse canon zitholakala ku-WA ​​Mozart (Ama-canon ama-violin amabili, K.-V. Anh. 284 dd), J. Haydn.

J. Haydn. I-Mirror canon.

Mayelana nokukhula kwentshisekelo emculweni wokuqala ekhulwini lama-20. kunentshisekelo evuselelwe kuhlelo luka-R. d. Emsebenzini womqambi, kunezibonelo zombili ezilula (isibonelo, Ukulingisa u-EK Golubev, eqoqweni elithi "Polyphonic Pieces", ukukhishwa 1, M., 1968), kanye neziyinkimbinkimbi (isb, kuNombolo 8 kusukela ku-"Polyphonic" kaShchedrin I-Notebook”, i-reprise ihlukile kokwakhiwa kwamabha ayi-14; ku-fugue yamazwi amathathu ku-F, ukwakhiwa okulinganayo kusuka kubha 31 kwakhiwa kusukela ku-neoclassical ka-P. Hindemith ngokujwayelekile okujwayelekile komjikelezo wepiyano “Ludus tonalis” ) , ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela ubunkimbinkimbi (nge-op efanayo. I-Hindemith, umjikelezo wokuvula owandulelayo kanye ne-postlude ewuphethayo imele inhlanganisela yokuqala nephumayo ye-mirror-cracker counterpoint; ku-No18 kusukela ku-Schoenberg's Lunar Pierrot, izinyathelo zokuqala eziyi-10 ziyinhlanganisela yokuqala uhlobo lwe-canon ephindwe kabili, ke - okuphuma ku- rakokhodny, okuyinkimbinkimbi ukwakhiwa kwe-fugue engxenyeni ye-fp.). Ukusetshenziswa komculo onesigqi emculweni we-serial kuhluke kakhulu. Ingase ibe yimvelo esakhiweni sochungechunge ngokwalo (isibonelo, ochungechungeni lwe-fec-agd-as-des-es-ges-bh ngaphansi kwe-Berg's Lyric Suite, ingxenye yesi-2 iwukuhluka okuguquliwe kokuqala ); ukuguqulwa kwezikhathi ezithile kokubili kochungechunge (bona i-Dodecaphony) kanye nazo zonke izingxenye zomsebenzi kuyithuluzi elivamile lokuqamba emculweni we-dodecaphonic. Isiphetho esihlukile se-symphony op. 21 Webrn (bheka isibonelo ngezansi).

Izwi eliphezulu letimu (i-clarinet) uchungechunge lwemisindo engu-12, ingxenye yesi-2 okuyinguqulo eguquliwe ye-1; uhlobo lokuhluka koku-1 luyi- rakohodny (bheka isilinganiso esingu-7 kuso) i-canon ephindwe kabili ekusakazweni; R. d. iqukethwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesiphetho se-symphony. Imvelo yokusetshenziswa kokuqamba okunesigqi inqunywa inhloso yokuqamba yomqambi; ukusetshenziswa kokwakheka kwesigqi ngaphakathi kohlaka lomculo we-serial kungahluka kakhulu. Isibonelo, ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesi-3 kaKaraev, lapho ukwakheka kochungechunge kuncike ezicini ze-Azerbaijani nar. frets, ukwakhiwa kokuqala kuyaphindwa (bona inombolo 4) ngesimo se- rakokhodny derivative compound.

Ku-“Polyphonic Symphony” est. ngomqambi u-A. Pärt, izilinganiso zokuqala ezingu-40 ezisuka kukhodi yengxenye yokuqala (inombolo 1) ziyi-canon ehamba crescendo, bese kuba yi-canon ku-R. d. diminuendo; ukwakhiwa komsindo oqinile kuleli cala kubonwa umlaleli njengohlobo lwesiphetho, ukuqonda, ukuhlanganisa okunengqondo komculo wangaphambilini oshubile kakhulu. izenzo. R. d. itholakala ekupheleni kwe-Op. UMA Stravinsky; isb, ku-Ricercar II kusukela ku-Cantata kuya emibhalweni yesiNgisi. izimbongi, ingxenye ye-tenor eyinkimbinkimbi yi-canon ibizwa ngokuthi "Cantus cancri-zans" futhi iqukethe oku-24 okuhlukile kochungechunge. Ku-"Canticum sacrum" ukunyakaza kwe-4 kuhlukile kweyoku-5, futhi ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwe-R. d. (njengokuningi kuphawu lomculo lwale Op.) ihambisana nendlela yama- contrapuntalists amadala. Ukwakheka okuphambene nomthetho okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-R. d., yesimanje. ithiyori ye-polyphony iyazihlukanisa. uhlobo lwe-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi.

References: Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Vol. 2, Ingxenye 1, Lpz., 1907, 1920; Feininger LKJ, Umlando wokuqala we-canon kuze kufike ku-Josquin des Prez, Emsdetten, 1937.

VP Frayonov