Uhlu lwe-Eugene |

Uhlu lwe-Eugene

Isenzakalo esenza igama lika-Eugene List laziwa emhlabeni wonke lihlobene nomculo ngokungaqondile kuphela: lena iNkomfa yasePotsdam engokomlando, eyenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ehlobo lika-1945. Umongameli waseMelika uG. UTruman ufune ukuthi umyalo ukhethe abaculi abambalwa bebutho futhi abathumele ezandleni zakhe ukuze babambe iqhaza ekhonsathini ye-gala. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona isosha Eugene List. Wabe esedlala imidlalo embalwa emincane, kuhlanganise nesicelo sakhe siqu sikaMongameli. Waltz (Op. 42) by Chopin; njengoba umculi osemusha wayengenaso isikhathi sokuyifunda ngekhanda, wadlala ngokusho kwamanothi umongameli ngokwakhe awaphendule. Ngakusasa, igama lesosha lomdlali wepiyano lavela emaphephandabeni amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise nezwe lakubo. Nokho, lapha leli gama laziwa kubathandi bomculo abaningi ngaphambili.

Ongowokuzalwa ePhiladelphia, u-Eugene Liszt wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, kunina, umdlali wopiyano oyimfundamakhwela, futhi kusukela eneminyaka emihlanu, esethuthele eCalifornia, waqala ukufunda ngokujulile umculo esitudiyo sika-Y. Satro- Sailer. Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, umdlalo wokuqala womfana ne-orchestra wabuyela emuva - wadlala i-Beethoven's Third Concerto ngaphansi kwenduku ka-Arthur Rodzinsky. Ngokweseluleko sakamuva, abazali baka-Eugene bamyisa eNew York ngo-1931 ukuze bazame ukumbhalisa eSikoleni SaseJuilliard. Endleleni, sama kafushane e-Philadelphia futhi sathola ukuthi umncintiswano wabashayi bepiyano abasha wawuzoqala lapho, umnqobi ozothola ilungelo lokufunda nothisha odumile u-O. Samarova. U-Yuzhin wadlala, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe oluya eNew York. Futhi yilapho kuphela wathola khona isaziso sokuthi usengumnqobi. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana wafunda noSamarova, okokuqala ePhiladelphia futhi eNew York, lapho athuthela khona nothisha wakhe. Le minyaka yamnikeza okuningi umfana, wenza intuthuko ephawulekayo, futhi ngo-1934 wayelindelwe enye ingozi ejabulisayo. Njengomfundi ongcono kakhulu, wathola ilungelo lokudlala ne-Philadelphia Orchestra, eyayiholwa nguL. Stokowski. Ekuqaleni, uhlelo lwaluhlanganisa ikhonsathi kaSchumann, kodwa ngaphambi nje kwalolo suku, uStokowski wathola e-USSR umculo weshidi we-Young Shostakovich's First Piano Concerto futhi wayemagange ukwethula izethameli kuwo. Wacela uLiszt ukuba afunde lo msebenzi, futhi waba phezulu: umbukiso wokuqala waba yimpumelelo yokunqoba. Imidlalo kwamanye amadolobha ezwe yalandela, ngo-December ngawo lowo nyaka ka-1935, u-Eugene List waqala ukudlala ngekhonsathi yakwaShostakovich eNew York; kulokhu iqhutshwa ngu-Otto Klemperer. Ngemva kwalokho, i-impresario Arthur Jowson wanakekela umsebenzi owengeziwe womculi, futhi ngokushesha waziwa kabanzi ezweni lonke.

Ngesikhathi ephothula e-Juilliard School, u-Eugene List wayesenegama elihle phakathi kwabathandi bomculo baseMelika. Kodwa ngo-1942 wavolontiya ebusosheni futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqeqeshwa waba yisosha. Yiqiniso, wabe esebelwa "ithimba lezokuzijabulisa", futhi wayehamba esuka kwelinye neyunithi, edlala upiyano olufakwe ngemuva kweloli. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempi, kwaze kwaba sezehlakalo esezichaziwe zasehlobo lika-1945. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uHlu lwaqedwa. Kwabonakala sengathi amathemba aqhakazile avuleka phambi kwakhe, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukukhangisa kwakhe kwakukuhle kakhulu - ngisho nangezindinganiso zaseMelika. Ngemva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo, wamenywa ukuba ayodlala eWhite House, okwathi ngemva kwalokho umagazini i-Time wambiza ngokuthi “umshayi wopiyano wasenkantolo ongekho emthethweni kamongameli.”

Ngokuvamile, konke kwahamba kahle kakhulu. Ngo-1946, uLiszt, kanye nomkakhe, umdlali wevayolini uCarol Glen, badlala ePrague Spring Festival yokuqala, wanikeza amakhonsathi amaningi futhi walingisa kumafilimu. Kodwa kancane kancane kwaba sobala ukuthi amathemba ayebekwe ongoti nabamthakaselayo ayengafaneleki ngokugcwele. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono kwehlile ngokusobala; umdlali wopiyano wayentula ubuntu obukhanyayo, ukudlala kwakhe kwakuntula ukuzinza, futhi kwakunokuntuleka kwesikali. Futhi kancane kancane, abanye, abaculi abagqamile baphushela uLiszt ngemuva. Kuhlehliswe emuva - kodwa akusithiwe ngokuphelele. Waqhubeka enikeza amakhonsathi ngenkuthalo, wathola izingqimba zakhe, ngaphambili "eziyizintombi" zomculo wepiyano, lapho ekwazi khona ukukhombisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zobuciko bakhe - ubuhle bomsindo, inkululeko yokudlala, ubuciko obungenakuphikwa. Ngakho-ke uLiszt akazange alahle ithemba, nakuba iqiniso lokuthi indlela yakhe ayizange igcwele ama-roses libuye lifakazelwe yiqiniso eliyinkimbinkimbi: ukugubha iminyaka engu-25 kuphela yomsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi, umculi waqala ukuthola ithuba lokungena esiteji eCarnegie Hall. .

Umculi waseMelika njalo wenza ngaphandle kwezwe, wayaziwa kakhulu eYurophu, kuhlanganise nase-USSR. Kusukela ngo-1962, ubelokhu eyilungu lejaji lemincintiswano yaseTchaikovsky, eyenziwa eMoscow, eLeningrad nakwamanye amadolobha, aqoshiwe kumarekhodi. Ukuqoshwa kwawo womabili amakhonsathi nguD. Shostakovich, okwenziwe nguye ngo-1974 eMoscow, kungenye yezimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu zomculi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuthakathaka be-Eugene List abubalekelanga ukugxekwa kwamaSoviet. Emuva ngo-1964, phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokuqala, uM. Smirnov waphawula “inkolelo-mbono, inertia yokucabanga komculo komdwebi. Izinhlelo zakhe zokusebenza zisendaweni yabantu asebejwayele isikhathi eside futhi, ngeshwa, akuyona imiqondo ethakazelisa kakhulu. "

I-repertoire kaLiszt yayihluke kakhulu. Kanye nemisebenzi yendabuko yeqoqo "elijwayelekile" lezincwadi zothando - amakhonsathi, i-sonatas nemidlalo kaBeethoven, uBrahms, uSchumann, uChopin - indawo ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zakhe yayihlalwa ngumculo waseRussia, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke uTchaikovsky, kanye nababhali baseSoviet. - Shostakovich. U-Liszt wenza okuningi ukuze adonsele ukunaka kwabalaleli ezibonelweni zokuqala zomculo wepiyano waseMelika - imisebenzi yomsunguli wawo u-Alexander Reingal futhi ikakhulukazi owokuqala wothando waseMelika uLouis Moreau Gottschalk, omculo wakhe ayewudlala ngomqondo ocashile wesitayela nenkathi. Waqopha futhi wayenza kaningi yonke imisebenzi yepiyano kaGershwin kanye nekhonsathi Yesibili kaMcDowell, wakwazi ukuvuselela izinhlelo zakhe ngezingcaphuno ezincane zababhali basendulo njengezingcezu zika-K. Graun zikaGigue noma zika-L. Dakan, futhi kanye nalo kwaba umculi wokuqala wenani lababhali. isebenza ngababhali besimanje. : Ikhonsathi ka-C. Chavez, izingoma zika-E. Vila Lobos, A. Fuleihan, A. Barro, E. Laderman. Ekugcineni, kanye nomkakhe u-Y. Liszt benza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ye-violin nepiyano, kuhlanganise ne-Sonata eyayingaziwa ngaphambili kaFranz Liszt ethi Theme of Chopin.

Kwakuyilolu hlobo lobuhlakani, oluhlanganiswe ne-erudition ephezulu, olwasiza umculi ukuba ahlale phezu kwempilo yekhonsathi, athathe indawo yakhe, nakuba enesizotha, kodwa ephawulekayo endaweni yayo evamile. Indawo eyachazwa umagazini wasePoland i-Rukh Muzychny eminyakeni embalwa edlule ngale ndlela elandelayo: “Umdwebi wopiyano waseMelika u-Eugene List uyiciko elithakazelisa kakhulu lilonke. Umdlalo wakhe ngandlela-thile awulingani, imizwa yakhe iyashintsha; ungowoqobo (ikakhulukazi okwesikhathi sethu), uyakwazi ukukhanga isilaleli ngekhono elivelele kanye nokuthakazelisa okuyisidala, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphandle kwesizathu, angadlala into engavamile ngokuvamile, adideke okuthile, akhohlwe. okuthile, noma ukumane amemezele, ukuthi wayengenaso isikhathi sokulungiselela umsebenzi ayethenjiswe ohlelweni futhi wayezodlala enye into. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kubuye kube ne-charm yakho ... ". Ngakho-ke, imihlangano yobuciko be-Eugene List yaletha ulwazi oluthakazelisayo ezilalelini ngendlela esezingeni eliphezulu. Umsebenzi kaLiszt wokufundisa wawuyisiqephu: ngo-1964-1975 wafundisa e-Eastman School of Music, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje eNyuvesi yaseNew York.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.