Evgeny Alexandrovich Mravinsky |

Evgeny Mravinsky

Umculi Wabantu we-USSR (1954). Uthole umklomelo weLenin (1961). Iqhawe Lomsebenzi Wezenhlalakahle (1973).

Impilo nomsebenzi womunye wabaqhubi abakhulu bekhulu lama-1920 kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa neLeningrad. Wakhulela emkhayeni zomculo, kodwa ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni sabasebenzi (1921) wangena Faculty yemvelo Leningrad University. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi le nsizwa yayisivele ihlangene nenkundla yomculo. Isidingo sokuthola imali samletha esiteji se-Mariinsky Theatre yangaphambili, lapho asebenza khona njengomlingisi. Lo msebenzi oyisicefe kakhulu, okwamanje, wavumela uMravinsky ukuba andise ama-horizons akhe obuciko, ukuze athole imibono ecacile ekukhulumisaneni okuqondile namakhosi anjengabaculi F. Chaliapin, I. Ershov, I. Tartakov, abaqhubi A. Coates, E. Cooper nabanye. Ekuqeqesheni okwengeziwe, wasizwa kahle ulwazi aluthola ngesikhathi esebenza njengomdlali wopiyano e-Leningrad Choreographic School, lapho uMravinsky angena khona ngo-XNUMX. Ngalesi sikhathi, wayeseyishiyile inyuvesi, enquma ukuzinikela emsebenzini womculo okhokhelwayo.

Umzamo wokuqala wokungena ku-conservatory awuphumelelanga. Ukuze angachithi isikhathi, uMravinsky wabhalisa emakilasini e-Leningrad Academic Chapel. Iminyaka yomfundi yaqala kuye ngonyaka olandelayo, 1924. Uthatha izifundo ngokuvumelana nezinsimbi noM. Chernov, i-polyphony no-X. Kushnarev, ifomu kanye nokwakheka okusebenzayo no-V. Shcherbachev. Imisebenzi eminingana yomqambi wokuqala yabe yenziwa eHholo Elincane Le-Conservatory. Noma kunjalo, uMravinsky ozigxekayo usevele ezifunela emkhakheni ohlukile - ngo-1927 waqala ukuqhuba amakilasi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaN. Malko, futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva u-A. Gauk waba uthisha wakhe.

Elwela ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuqhuba, uMravinsky wachitha isikhathi esithile esebenza ne-orchestra yama-symphony amateur ye-Union of Soviet Trade Employees. Imidlalo yokuqala yomphakathi naleli qembu yayihlanganisa imisebenzi yabaqambi baseRussia futhi yazuza ukubuyekezwa okuhle kwabezindaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMravinsky wayephethe ingxenye yomculo wesikole se-choreographic futhi wenza lapha i-ballet kaGlazunov ethi The Four Seasons. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubenomkhuba wezimboni e-Opera Studio ye-Conservatory. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa kokudala kukaMravinsky sihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wakhe e-Opera ne-Ballet Theatre eqanjwe ngo-SM Kirov (1931-1938). Ekuqaleni wayengumsizi womqhubi lapha, futhi ngemva konyaka wenza i-debut yakhe yokuzimela. Kwakungu-September 20, 1932. UMravinsky wenza i-ballet ethi "Sleeping Beauty" ngokuhlanganyela kukaG. Ulanova. Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yafika kumqhubi, owahlanganiswa yimisebenzi yakhe elandelayo - ama-ballet kaTchaikovsky "Swan Lake" kanye "The Nutcracker", Adana "Le Corsaire" kanye "Giselle", B. Asafiev "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" futhi " Ama-Illusions alahlekile". Ekugcineni, lapha izethameli zajwayelana nokusebenza kwe-opera kuphela kaMravinsky - "Mazepa" kaTchaikovsky. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi umculi onekhono ekugcineni wakhetha indlela yokuqhuba yaseshashalazini.

Ukuncintisana Kwama-All-Union of Conductor ngo-1938 kwavula ikhasi elisha elihle kumlando wokudala womdwebi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uMravinsky wayesenesipiliyoni esikhulu kumakhonsathi we-symphony weLeningrad Philharmonic. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba umhlangano wakhe nomsebenzi kaD. Shostakovich phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yomculo wamaSoviet ngo-1937. Khona-ke i-Fifth Symphony yomqambi ovelele yenziwa okokuqala. U-Shostakovich kamuva wabhala: “Ngamazi kakhulu uMravinsky phakathi nomsebenzi wethu ohlanganyelwe we-Fifth Symphony yami. Kumelwe ngivume ukuthi ekuqaleni ngangethuswa indlela kaMravinsky. Kimina kwakubonakala sengathi ugxile kakhulu ezintweni ezincane, wanaka kakhulu imininingwane, futhi kwakubonakala kimi ukuthi lokhu kuzolimaza uhlelo olujwayelekile, umbono ojwayelekile. Mayelana nawo wonke amasu, ngayo yonke imicabango, uMravinsky wangenza ngemibuzo yangempela, efuna kimi impendulo kukho konke ukungabaza okwavuka kuye. Kodwa kakade ngosuku lwesihlanu lokusebenza ndawonye, ​​​​ngabona ukuthi le ndlela ilungile impela. Ngaqala ukuthatha umsebenzi wami ngokungathi sína, ngibuka indlela uMravinsky asebenza ngayo ngokungathi sína. Ngabona ukuthi umbhidisi akufanele acule njenge-nightingale. Ithalente kumele kuqala lihlanganiswe nomsebenzi omude nonzima.

Ukwenza kukaMravinsky i-Fifth Symphony kube ngenye yezinto ezigqamile kulo mqhudelwano. Umqhubi weLeningrad waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo wokuqala. Lo mcimbi wanquma kakhulu isiphetho sikaMravinsky - waba umqhubi omkhulu we-symphony orchestra ye-Leningrad Philharmonic, manje eyiqembu elifaneleka kahle le-republic. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akuzange kube nezenzakalo zangaphandle ezibonakalayo empilweni kaMravinsky. Unyaka nonyaka, uthuthukisa i-orchestra eholayo, andisa iqoqo layo. Ngenkathi ecija amakhono akhe, uMravinsky unikeza izincazelo ezinhle kakhulu zama-symphonies kaTchaikovsky, asebenza ngoBeethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler nabanye abaqambi.

Ukuphila okunokuthula kwe-orchestra kwaphazamiseka ngo-1941, lapho, ngomthetho kahulumeni, iLeningrad Philharmonic ithuthelwa empumalanga futhi yavula isizini yayo elandelayo eNovosibirsk. Ngaleyo minyaka, umculo waseRussia wawunendima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zomqhubi. Ekanye noTchaikovsky, wenza imisebenzi kaGlinka, Borodin, Glazunov, Lyadov…

Umsebenzi wokudala kaMravinsky wafinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo ngemva kokubuya kwe-orchestra eLeningrad. Njengangaphambili, umqhubi wenza ePhilharmonic ngezinhlelo ezicebile nezihlukahlukene. Umhumushi omuhle kakhulu utholakala kuye ngemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yabaqambi baseSoviet. Ngokusho kwesazi somculo u-V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, “uMravinsky wakha eyakhe indlela yokucula, ebonakala ngokuhlangana eduze kwezimiso zomzwelo nezihlakaniphe, ukulandisa okushubile kanye nengqondo elinganiselayo yohlelo lokusebenza lonke, olwasungulwa uMravinsky ngokuyinhloko ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yaseSoviet, ukukhuthazwa ayinikeze futhi inikeze ukunakwa okukhulu".

Ukuhumusha kukaMravinsky kwasetshenziswa okokuqala yimisebenzi eminingi yabalobi baseSoviet, kuhlanganise ne-Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony, i-Symphony-Poem ka-A. Khachaturian, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, indalo evelele ka-D. Shostakovich, efakwe esikhwameni segolide sama-classics ethu omculo. U-Shostakovich uphathise uMravinsky ukudlala kokuqala kweyesihlanu, yesithupha, yesishiyagalombili (enikezelwe kumqhubi), i-symphonies yesishiyagalolunye neyeshumi, i-oratorio Song of the Forests. Kuyisici ukuthi, ekhuluma ngeSeventh Symphony, umbhali wagcizelela ngo-1942: “Ezweni lakithi, i-symphony yenziwa emadolobheni amaningi. AmaMuscovites ayilalela izikhathi eziningana ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-S. Samosud. E-Frunze nase-Alma-Ata, i-symphony yenziwa yi-State Symphony Orchestra, eholwa ngu-N. Rakhlin. Ngibabonga ngokujulile abefundisi baseSoviet nabakwamanye amazwe ngothando nokunaka abaye bakubonisa kumculo wami womculo. Kodwa kuzwakale kuseduze kakhulu kimi njengombhali, okwenziwa yiLeningrad Philharmonic Orchestra eqhutshwa ngu-Evgeny Mravinsky.

Akungabazeki ukuthi kwakungaphansi kobuholi bukaMravinsky lapho i-orchestra yaseLeningrad yakhula yaba iqoqo le-symphony esezingeni lomhlaba. Lona umphumela wokuzikhandla komqhubi, isifiso sakhe esingapheli sokufuna ukufundwa okusha, okujulile nokunembile kwemisebenzi yomculo. G. Rozhdestvensky uyabhala: “UMravinsky uzifuna ngendlela efanayo yena neqembu le-orchestra. Phakathi nokuvakasha okuhlangene, lapho kufanele ngizwe imisebenzi efanayo izikhathi eziningi ngesikhathi esifushane, ngangihlale ngimangala ikhono lika-Evgeny Alexandrovich lokungalahlekelwa umuzwa wokusha kwabo ngokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe. Yonke ikhonsathi iwumdlalo wokuqala, ngaphambi kwekhonsathi yonke into kufanele iphinde iprakthizwe. Futhi yeka ukuthi kuba nzima kangakanani ngezinye izikhathi!

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, ukuqashelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwafika kuMravinsky. Njengomthetho, umqhubi uyaqhubeka nokuvakasha phesheya kanye ne-orchestra ayiholayo. Kuphela ngo-1946 no-1947 waba isivakashi sePrague Spring, lapho acula khona nama-orchestra aseCzechoslovak. Imidlalo yeLeningrad Philharmonic eFinland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1955), amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu (1956, 1960, 1966), kanye ne-United States of America (1962) yaba impumelelo enkulu. Amahholo aminyene, ihlombe elivela emphakathini, ukubuyekezwa okunomdlandla - konke lokhu ukuqashelwa kwekhono lesigaba sokuqala seLeningrad Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra kanye nomqhubi wayo omkhulu u-Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky. Umsebenzi we-pedagogical kaMravinsky, uprofesa waseLeningrad Conservatory, nawo wathola ukuqashelwa okufanele.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, ngo-1969