UFranz Lehár |

UFranz Lehár

Umqambi nombhidisi waseHungary. Indodana yomqambi kanye nebhendi yeqembu lezempi. ULehar wafunda (kusukela ngo-1880) eSikoleni Somculo Sikazwelonke eBudapest njengomfundi wesikole samabanga aphezulu. Ngo-1882-88 wafunda ivayolini no-A. Bennewitz ePrague Conservatory, kanye nezifundo zethiyori no-JB Förster. Waqala ukubhala umculo eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda. Izingoma zokuqala zikaLehar zithole ukugunyazwa kuka-A. Dvorak kanye no-I. Brahms. Kusukela ngo-1888 wasebenza njengomdlali we-violinist-ehambisana ne-orchestra ye-united theatre e-Barmen-Elberfeld, kwase kuba se-Vienna. Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, kusukela ngo-1890 wasebenza njengebhendi kuma-orchestra ahlukahlukene ezempi. Wabhala izingoma eziningi, imidanso namamashi (kuhlanganise nemashi edumile enikelwe esibhakeleni kanye ne-waltz ethi “Gold and Silver”). Wathola udumo ngemuva kokudlala eLeipzig ngo-1896 i-opera ethi “Cuckoo” (eqanjwe ngeqhawe; empilweni yaseRussia ngesikhathi sika-Nicholas I; ohlelweni lwesibili - “Tatiana”). Kusukela ngo-2 waba yi-bandmaster e-Vienna, kusukela ngo-1899 waba ngumqhubi wesibili weTheatre an der Wien. Ukudlalwa kwe-operetta "Viennese Women" kule thiyetha kwaqala "i-Viennese" - isikhathi esiyinhloko somsebenzi kaLehar.

Ubhale ama-operetta angaphezu kuka-30, okukhona kuwo i-Merry Widow, The Count of Luxembourg, kanye ne-Gypsy Love aphumelele kakhulu. Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu kaLehar ibonakala ngokuhlanganisa okunekhono kwamaphimbo e-Austrian, Serbian, Slovak nezinye izingoma nemidanso (“The Basket Weaver” – “Der Rastelbinder”, 1902) nesigqi sezingoma zesiHungary, isiHungary neTyrolean. Amanye ama-operetta kaLehar ahlanganisa imidanso yakamuva yakamuva yaseMelika, amacancan namawaltze aseViennese; kuma-operetta amaningana, imiculo yakhiwe ngamaphimbo ezingoma zesiRomania, isiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi, iSpanishi, kanye nesigqi sokudansa sasePoland (“Blue Mazurka”); Amanye ama-"Slavicisms" nawo ahlangana nawo (ku-opera ethi "The Cuckoo", ku-"Dances of the Blue Marquise", ama-operettas "Umfelokazi Ojabulisayo" kanye nethi "The Tsarevich").

Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi kaLehar usekelwe ekuphinyisweni kwesiHungary nesigqi. Izingoma zika-Lehár kulula ukuzikhumbula, ziyangena, zibonakala “ngokuzwela”, kodwa azidluleli ngalé kokunambitheka okuhle. Indawo emaphakathi kuma-operetta kaLehar ihlalwa yi-waltz, nokho, ngokungafani nezinhlamvu ezilula zama-waltzes we-operetta yakudala yaseViennese, ama-waltze kaLehar abonakala ngokushaya kwemizwa. ULehar wathola izindlela ezintsha ezizwakalayo zama-operetta akhe, washeshe wakwazi ukudansa emisha (ngezinsuku zama-operetta umuntu angasungula ukuvela kwemidanso ehlukahlukene eYurophu). Abaningi be-operettas Legar baguqule ngokuphindaphindiwe, bavuselela i-libretto nolimi lomculo, futhi bahamba iminyaka ehlukene kumatiyetha ahlukene ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene.

I-Lehar inamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu ku-orchestration, evame ukwethula izinsimbi zomculo wesintu, okuhlanganisa. i-balalaika, i-mandolin, amasimbali, i-tarogato ukugcizelela ukunambitheka komculo kazwelonke. Izinsimbi zakhe ziyamangalisa, zicebile futhi zinemibalabala; ithonya likaG. Puccini, uLehar ayenobungane obukhulu naye, ngokuvamile lithinta; izici ezifana ne-verismo, njll., nazo zivela ezinhlelweni nakubalingiswa bamanye amaqhawekazi (isibonelo, u-Eva ovela ku-operetta ethi "Eva" uyisisebenzi sasefektri esilula lapho umnikazi wefektri yengilazi athandana naye).

Umsebenzi kaLehar wanquma kakhulu isitayela se-operetta entsha yase-Viennese, lapho indawo ye-buffoonery emangazayo yathathwa amahlaya omculo wansuku zonke kanye nedrama ye-lyrical, enezici zokuzwela. Emzamweni wokusondeza i-operetta ku-opera, i-Legar ijulisa izingxabano ezimangalisayo, ithuthukise izinombolo zomculo cishe zibe izinhlobo zokudlala, futhi isebenzisa kabanzi ama-leitmotifs (“Ekugcineni, iyodwa!”, njll.). Lezi zici, esezivele zivezwe ku-Gypsy Love, zabonakala ikakhulukazi ku-operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; uLehar ngokwakhe wayembheka njengezothando), i-Tsarevich (1925), uFrederick (1928), uGiuditta (1934) abagxeki besimanje ababizwa ngokuthi ingoma kaLehár. ama-operettas "ama-legariades". ULehar ngokwakhe wabiza i-"Friederike" yakhe (kusukela empilweni kaGoethe, enezinombolo zomculo kuya ezinkondlweni zakhe) i-singspiel.

Sh. Kallosh

UFerenc (Franz) Lehar wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 30, 1870 edolobheni laseHungary iKommorne emndenini womphathi weqembu lezempi. Ngemva kokuphothula e-Conservatory ePrague kanye neminyaka eminingana yokusebenza njengomdlali weviolinist waseshashalazini nomculi wezempi, waba umqhubi weVienna Theatre An der Wien (1902). Kusukela eminyakeni yakhe yomfundi, uLegar akawushiyi umcabango wensimu yomqambi. Uqamba ama-waltze, amamashi, izingoma, ama-sonata, amakhonsathi e-violin, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukhangwa yimidlalo yaseshashalazini yomculo. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala womculo nowesabekayo kwakuyi-opera Cuckoo (1896) esekelwe endabeni yempilo yabadingiswa baseRussia, eyathuthukiswa ngomoya wedrama eyiqiniso. Umculo we-"Cuckoo" onomlando wawo omnandi kanye nethoni ye-Slavic e-melancholic yakhangwa u-V. Leon, umdwebi wesikrini owaziwa kakhulu kanye nomqondisi we-Vienna Karl-Theater. Umsebenzi wokuqala ohlanganyelwe kaLehar noLeon - i-operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) ngesimo samahlaya esintu saseSlovak kanye ne-operetta "Abesifazane baseViennese" edlalwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye nayo, yaletha udumo lomqambi njengendlalifa kaJohann Strauss.

Ngokusho kukaLegar, weza ohlotsheni olusha lwakhe, engalwazi nhlobo. Kodwa ukungazi kwaphenduka inzuzo: "Ngakwazi ukudala isitayela sami se-operetta," kusho umqambi. Lesi sitayela satholakala ku-The Merry Widow (1905) kuya ku-libretto ka-V. Leon no-L. Stein ngokusekelwe emdlalweni ka-A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Intsha ye-The Merry Widow ihlotshaniswa nokuchazwa kwamagama kanye nokumangalisayo kohlobo, ukujula kwabalingisi, kanye nokugqugquzela okungokwengqondo kwesenzo. U-Legar uthi: “Ngicabanga ukuthi i-operetta edlalwayo ayinanzuzo emphakathini wanamuhla … <...> Umgomo wami uwukuthuthukisa i-operetta.” Indima entsha emdlalweni weshashalazi womculo itholwa ngomdanso, okwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sesitatimende somuntu oyedwa noma indawo ye-duet. Ekugcineni, izindlela ezintsha zesitayela ziheha ukunaka - ukuthakazelisa kwemizwa yamamelos, imiphumela ekhangayo ye-orchestra (njenge-glissando yehabhu eliphindaphinda kabili umugqa womtshingo ube ingxenye yesithathu), lokho, ngokusho kwabagxeki, okuwuphawu lwe-opera yesimanje ne-symphony, kodwa ngo alukho ulimi lwe-operetta lomculo.

Izimiso ezakheka ku-The Merry Widow zathuthukiswa emisebenzini elandelayo kaLehar. Kusukela ngo-1909 kuya ku-1914, udale imisebenzi eyakha uhlobo lwakudala. Ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi The Princely Child (1909), The Count of Luxembourg (1909), Gypsy Love (1910), Eva (1911), Alone at Last! (1914). Kwezintathu zazo zokuqala, uhlobo lwe-operetta ye-neo-Viennese eyakhiwe nguLehar ekugcineni lulungisiwe. Kusukela ku-The Count of Luxembourg, izindima zabalingiswa ziyasungulwa, izindlela eziyisici zokuqhathanisa isilinganiso sezinhlelo zedramaturgy yesakhiwo somculo - i-lyrical-dramatic, cascading ne-farcical - iyakhiwa. Itimu iyanda, futhi nayo i-palette ye-intonational iyacetshiswa: "Ingane Eyinkosi", lapho, ngokuhambisana nesakhiwo, kuchazwe ukunambitheka kwe-Balkan, kufaka phakathi izici zomculo waseMelika; umoya waseViennese-Parisian we-The Count of Luxembourg uthatha upende wamaSlavic (phakathi kwezinhlamvu kukhona izicukuthwane zaseRussia); I-Gypsy Love iyi-operetta yokuqala kaLehar ethi “Hungarian”.

Emisebenzini emibili yale minyaka, ukuthambekela kuvezwe okuvezwe ngokugcwele kamuva, esikhathini sokugcina somsebenzi kaLehar. "I-Gypsy Love", ngakho konke okujwayelekile kwedramaturgy yayo yomculo, inikeza incazelo engaqondakali yezinhlamvu zabalingisi namaphuzu wesakhiwo kangangokuthi izinga lokujwayelekile elitholakala ku-operetta lishintsha ngokwezinga elithile. ULehar ugcizelela lokhu ngokunikeza isikolo sakhe uhlobo olukhethekile - "i-romantic operetta". Ukusondelana ne-aesthetics ye-opera yothando kubonakala nakakhulu ku-operetta ethi "Ekugcineni Uyedwa!". Ukuchezuka okuvela kumacanon ohlobo kuholela lapha ekushintsheni okungakaze kube khona esakhiweni esisemthethweni: sonke isenzo sesibili somsebenzi siyisigcawu esikhulu se-duet, esingenazo izehlakalo, esinejubane lokuthuthuka, esigcwaliswe nomuzwa wokucatshangelwa kwe-lyrical. Isenzo senzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sezwe le-alpine, iziqongo zezintaba ezimbozwe yiqhwa, futhi ekwakhiweni kwesenzo, iziqephu zephimbo zishintshana ngezingcezu ze-symphonic ezinhle nezichazayo. Abagxeki be-Contemporary Lehar babiza lo msebenzi ngokuthi "Tristan" we-operetta.

Maphakathi nawo-1920, isikhathi sokugcina somsebenzi womqambi saqala, saphela ngo-Giuditta, owadlalwa ngo-1934. (Empeleni, umsebenzi wokugcina womculo kaLehar nowesiteji kwakuyi-opera ethi The Wandering Singer, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-operetta Gypsy Love, eyenziwa ngo-1943 ngomyalo we-Budapest Opera House.)

U-Lehár washona ngo-Okthoba 20, 1948.

Ama-operetta aphuzile kaLehar ahamba phambili kude nemodeli awakhe wayidala ngokwakhe. Asisekho isiphetho esijabulisayo, isiqalo samahlaya sesicishe saqedwa. Ngohlobo lwazo, lawa akuwona amahlaya, kodwa amadrama ezingoma zothando. Futhi ngokomculo, badonsela emculweni wohlelo lokudlala. Imvelaphi yale misebenzi inkulu kangangokuthi bathola ukuqokwa kohlobo olukhethekile ezincwadini - "ama-legariads". Lezi zihlanganisa "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - i-operetta ekhuluma ngesiphetho esibi sendodana kaPeter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - enhliziyweni yetulo layo uthando. kaGoethe osemncane wendodakazi yomfundisi waseSesenheim uFriederike Brion , i-operetta "yamaShayina" "Izwe Elimomothekayo" (1929) esekelwe "Ijakhethi Eliphuzi" likaLeharov langaphambili, "iSpanishi" "Giuditta", i-prototype ekude ye engase isebenze “njengoCarmen”. Kodwa uma ifomula ebabazekayo yemisebenzi eyalandela ka-The Merry Widow kanye ne-Lehar yango-1910 yaba, ngokwamazwi esazi-mlando sohlobo u-B. Grun, “indlela yokuphumelela kwesiko lonke lasesiteji”, khona-ke ukuhlola kukaLehar akuzange kuqhubeke. . Zaba uhlobo oluthile lokuhlola; abanayo leyo bhalansi yobuhle ekuhlanganisweni kwezakhi ezihlukahlukeneko ezidalwe zakhe zakudala ezinikezwe zona.

N. Degtyareva

• I-Neo-Viennese operetta →

Ukwakhiwa:

opera - UCuckoo (1896, Leipzig; ngaphansi kwegama elithi Tatiana, 1905, Brno), i-operetta – Abesifazane baseViennese (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), Comic wedding (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Merry umfelokazi (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Umyeni onabafazi abathathu ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Count of Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Gypsy Love (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), Ideal wife (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), Ekugcineni, yedwa! (Endlich allein, 1923, uhlelo lwesi-1914 Yeka ukuthi muhle kanjani umhlaba! – Schön ist die Welt!, 2, Vienna), Where the lark sings (Wo die Lerche singt, 1930, Vienna and Budapest, 1918, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Die blaue Mazur, 1923, Vienna, 1920, Leningrad), Tango Queen (Die Tangokönigin, 1925, Vienna), Frasquita (1921, Vienna), Yellow jacket (Die gelbe Jacke, 1922, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad Land, ne-libre entsha of Smiles – Das Land des Lächelns, 1925, Berlin), njll., ama-singshpil, ama-operettas ezingane; ye-orchestra - imidanso, amamashi, amakhonsathi ama-2 wevayolini ne-orchestra, inkondlo ye-symphonic yezwi ne-orchestra Fever (Fieber, 1917), okwepiyano - imidlalo, izingoma, umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi.