Uhlelo lwethoni yekota |

Isistimu yethoni yekota, umculo wethoni yekota

I-German Vierteltonmusik, isiNgisi. umculo we-quart-tone, i-French musicque en quarts de ton, ital. umculo a quarti di tono

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-microchromatics, uhlelo lomsindo (isikhawu), isilinganiso salo esiqukethe imisindo ehlelwe ngamathoni angamakota. I-Octave kuya ku-Ch. ihlanganisa izigaba zomsindo ezingu-24 (njengoba kuchazwe i-MV Matyushin, “Uhlelo lwe-double chromatism”). Ukucacisa. Ch. s izikhawu, ngaphezu kwamathoni wekota alula, ahlanganisa i-derivative (ehlanganisiwe) izikhawu ezincane - amathoni angu-3/4, amathoni angu-5/4, amathoni angu-7/4, njll. Uma uphawula ama-microtones we-Ch. izinhlamvu ezikhethekile zisetshenziswa (bheka ithebula).

Kukhona nokhiye abakhethekile:

("ukhiye ophezulu") - ukusebenza kwesinye sezigaba zesiqephu 1/4 ithoni ephakeme,

(“ukhiye ophansi”) – 1/4 ithoni ephansi. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuhumusha i-chis yilezi: i-melismatic (ama-microtones njengomhlobiso we-melodic, ukucula kwezisekelo eziyinhloko), i-steped (ama-microtones njengezinyathelo ezizimele nezilinganayo zesistimu), i-sonoristic (ama-microtones njengengxenye yezakhiwo ze-timbre-sound ezisetshenziswa njenge amayunithi amancane azimele; bheka i-Sonorism).

Izinto Ch. ekuqaleni yathuthukiswa yaba umculo. ukuzijwayeza futhi zaziqashelwa ngokwethiyori emandulo njengama-enharmonic microintervals. uhlobo (bona i-Enarmonics). Amathoni ekota ahunyushwa ekuqaleni komculo. ngokwengqondo. (Ukuze uthole isibonelo segama lesiGreki lasendulo elithi “enbrmona”, bheka isihloko esithi Melodiya) Izikhawu Ch. zisetshenziswa emculweni wendabuko eziningana zaseMpumalanga. abantu (ama-Arabhu, amaTurkey, ama-Irani).

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, izakhi zeCh. ngezinye izikhathi kutholakala njenge-echo ye-antique. ama-enarmonics. Imizamo yokudlulisa ama-Greek frets (negenera) esikhathini samanje. lo mkhuba walethwa abaculi abathile bangekhulu le-16-17. ekusetshenzisweni kwamathoni ekota (ekutolikweni kwe-melismatic, bheka ithebula, kanye nakwelenyathelwe, bheka isibonelo kukholamu 524). Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20 kwaphawulwa igagasi elisha lentshisekelo ku-Ch. kanye nama-microchromatics ngokuvamile (phakathi kwezokuqala kukhona ukuhlolwa kwe-AJ Gruss). Ngo-1892 incwadi ka-GA Behrens-Zenegalden mayelana noCh. (okuhunyushwe kakade ngomqondo omusha, njengesistimu yezinyathelo ezingu-24), lapho ithuluzi elihambisanayo ("achromatisches Klavier") laphinde lahlongozwa, ngo-1898 u-J. Fulds waqamba i-quartet yeyunithi yezinhlamvu zekota. Ngama-1900-1910s. kwe Ch. Abaqambi uR. Stein, W. Möllendorff, IA Vyshnegradsky, C. Ives, nabanye bafaka isicelo. Umqambi nomqambi we-Czech u-A. Khaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eyokuqala isebenza mayelana ne-Ch. eRussia (MV Matyushin, AS Lurie). Eminyakeni yama-20s. Ikhulu lama-20 Ch. s. wafunda futhi wazi ngobuchule izikhova. abaqambi kanye namathiyori (okuqanjwe nguGM Rimsky-Korsakov, AA Kenel, NA Malakhovskii; imisebenzi yetiyetha kaGM Rimsky-Korsakov, VM Belyaev, AM Avraamov nabanye.). Uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukahlukene Ch. etholwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili 2-1939: ngohlaka lwesimanje. i-chromatic tonality (ama-semitone angu-45 enza uhlobo lwe-"diatonic" maqondana nekota-amathoni), kulokho okubizwa. i-atonality yamahhala, ngokuphathelene ne-serial, ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni i-sonoristic ye-Ch. P. Boulez, M. Kagel, S. Bussotti, A. Zimmerman, kanye nedlanzana labaqambi bamaSoviet bakhuluma naye. Isampula Ch. (umsindo wezinsimbi zocingo ezinombala ogqamile onomphumela ozwakalayo wokububula okuthambile):

EV Denisov. I-Trio ye-violin, i-cello ne-pianoforte, ukunyakaza kokuqala, imigoqo 1-28.

References: I-Matyushin MV, Umhlahlandlela wocwaningo lwamathoni ekota ye-violin, ..., 1915; Lurie A., Kumculo we-chromatism ephakeme, ngo-Sat.: "Sagittarius", P., 1915; I-Belyaev VM, umculo we-Quarter-tone, "The Life of Art", 1925, No 18; Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Ukulungiswa kwesistimu yomculo we-quarter-tone, "De musica", Sat. 1, L., 1925; I-Kapelyush BN, Izingobo Zomlando ze-MV Matyushin kanye no-EG Guro, encwadini: INcwadi Yonyaka Yomnyango Wemibhalo Yesandla Yendlu YasePushkin ka-1974, L., 1976; Vicentino N., L antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica, Roma, 1555, facsimile. ed., Kassel, 1959; Behrens-Senegalden GA, Die Vierteltöne in der Musik, B., 1892; Wellek A., Viertelton und Fortschritt, “NZfM”, 1925, Jahrg. 92; Wyschnegradsky I., Umculo we-Quartertonal…, “Pro Musica Quarterly”, 1927; eyakhe, uManuel d harmonie a quarts de ton, P., (1932); Haba A., Flügel und Klavier der Vierteltonmusik, “Die Musik”, 1928, Jahrg. 21, H. 3; wakhe, uMein Weg zur Viertel- und Sechstelton-Musik, Düsseldorf, 1971; Schneider S., Mikrotöne in der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts, Bonn, 1975; Gojowy D., Neue sowjetische Musik der 20-en Jahre, (Laaber), 1980; Ludvová J., Anton Joseph Gruss (1816-1893) a jeho ctvrttуny, “Hudebnin veda”, 1980, No 2.

Yu. N. Kholopov