Mily Balakirev (Mily Balakirev) |

Mily Balakirev

Noma yikuphi okusha okutholakele kwakungokwakhe injabulo yeqiniso, injabulo, futhi wathatha naye, ngomfutho ovuthayo, bonke abangane bakhe. V. Stasov

M. Balakirev waba nendima eyingqayizivele: ukuvula inkathi entsha emculweni waseRussia futhi ahole yonke isiqondiso kuyo. Ekuqaleni, akukho lutho olwabikezela ngaye isiphetho esinjalo. Ubuntwana nobusha badlula enhloko-dolobha. Balakirev waqala ukutadisha umculo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukanina, owathi, eqiniseka ngamakhono avelele endodana yakhe, wahamba naye ngokukhethekile esuka eNizhny Novgorod eya eMoscow. Lapha, umfana oneminyaka eyishumi ubudala wathatha izifundo eziningana kuthisha owayedumile ngaleso sikhathi, umdlali wopiyano nomqambi u-A. Dubuc. Khona-ke futhi uNizhny, ukufa kukanina ekuqaleni, efundisa e-Alexander Institute ngezindleko zezikhulu zendawo (uyise, isikhulu esincane, eseshade okwesibili, wayempofu nomndeni omkhulu) ...

Okubaluleke kakhulu u-Balakirev kwaba ukujwayelana kwakhe no-A. Ulybyshev, isazi sezomculo, kanye nekhono elikhulu lomculo, umbhali we-biography enevolumu emithathu ye-WA Mozart. Indlu yakhe, lapho kwakubuthene khona umphakathi othakazelisayo, amakhonsathi aqhutshwa, yaba isikole sangempela sokuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko kuBalakirev. Lapha uqhuba i-orchestra ye-amateur, ohlelweni lokudlalwa kwayo okuyimisebenzi ehlukahlukene, phakathi kwayo ama-symphonies kaBeethoven, edlala njengomdlali wopiyano, unomtapo wolwazi ocebile enkonzweni yakhe, lapho echitha khona isikhathi esiningi efunda amaphuzu. Ukuvuthwa kufika kumculi osemusha kusenesikhathi. Ebhalisa ngo-1853 e-Faculty of Mathematics yaseKazan University, u-Balakirev ushiya unyaka kamuva ukuze azinikele emculweni kuphela. Ngalesi sikhathi, ucwaningo lokuqala lokudala luyingxenye: izingoma zepiyano, ezothando. Ebona impumelelo evelele kaBalakirev, u-Ulybyshev umyisa eSt. Petersburg futhi amethula kuM. Glinka. Ukuxhumana nombhali "Ivan Susanin" futhi "Ruslan futhi Lyudmila" kwaba isikhathi esifushane (Glinka ngokushesha waya phesheya), kodwa okunenjongo: ukugunyaza izibopho Balakirev, umqambi omkhulu unikeza iseluleko ekuphishekeleni yokudala, ukhuluma ngomculo.

E-St. Petersburg, u-Balakirev uthola udumo ngokushesha njengomdlali, uyaqhubeka nokuqamba. Wayenesiphiwo esigqamile, engasuthi olwazini, engakhathali emsebenzini, wayelangazelela impumelelo entsha. Ngakho-ke, kungokwemvelo ukuthi lapho ukuphila kumhlanganisa no-C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, futhi kamuva no-N. Rimsky-Korsakov no-A. Borodin, uBalakirev wahlangana futhi wahola leli qembu elincane lomculo, elangena emlandweni womculo. ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Isandla Esinamandla" (esinikezwe nguB. Stasov) kanye" nombuthano we-Balakirev ".

Isonto ngalinye, abaculi kanye Stasov babuthana at Balakirev sika. Babexoxa, bafunde ngokuzwakalayo kakhulu ndawonye, ​​kodwa isikhathi sabo esiningi besisebenzisa emculweni. Akekho noyedwa wabaqambi bokuqala owathola imfundo ekhethekile: uCui wayengunjiniyela wezempi, uMussorgsky isikhulu esesathatha umhlalaphansi, uRimsky-Korsakov itilosi, uBorodin usokhemisi. "Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaBalakirev, ukuzifundisa kwethu kwaqala," kukhumbula uCui kamuva. “Sikubuyisele ezandleni ezine konke obekubhalwe phambi kwethu. Konke kwagxekwa kakhulu, futhi uBalakirev wahlaziya izici zobuchwepheshe nezokudala zemisebenzi. Imisebenzi yanikezwa ngokushesha onesibopho: ukuqala ngqo nge-symphony (Borodin noRimsky-Korsakov), uCui wabhala ama-opera ("Isiboshwa saseCaucasus", "Ratcliffe"). Zonke izingoma zenziwa emihlanganweni yombuthano. U-Balakirev walungisa futhi wanikeza imiyalelo: "... umgxeki, okungukuthi umgxeki wezobuchwepheshe, wayemangalisa," kubhala u-Rimsky-Korsakov.

Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Balakirev ngokwakhe wayebhale i-romances engu-20, kuhlanganise nobuciko obufana njengokuthi "Woza kimi", "Ingoma kaSelim" (kokubili - 1858), "Ingoma ye-Goldfish" (1860). Zonke ezothando zashicilelwa futhi zaziswa kakhulu ngu-A. Serov: “… Izimbali ezintsha ezinempilo ngesisekelo somculo waseRussia.” Imisebenzi ye-symphonic ka-Balakirev yenziwa emakhonsathini: I-Overture ezindikimbeni zezingoma ezintathu zesiRashiya, i-Overture kusukela emculweni kuya enhlekeleleni kaShakespeare i-King Lear. Wabuye wabhala izingcezu eziningi zepiyano futhi wasebenza ku-symphony.

Imisebenzi yomculo neyenhlalo kaBalakirev ixhumene neSikole Somculo Samahhala, asihlela kanye nomculi wekwaya omangalisayo nomqambi uG. Lomakin. Lapha, wonke umuntu wayengajoyina umculo, ecula emakhonsathini e-choral esikoleni. Bekukhona namakilasi okucula, okufunda nomculo kanye namakilasi e-solfeggio. I-choir yaqhutshwa nguLomakin, futhi i-orchestra yesivakashi yayiqhutshwa nguBalakirev, ohlanganisa izingoma zabangane bakhe bomjikelezo ezinhlelweni zekhonsathi. Umqambi wayehlala esebenza njengomlandeli othembekile we-Glinka, futhi omunye wemithetho ye-classic yokuqala yomculo waseRussia wawuwukuthembela engomeni yesintu njengomthombo wokudala. Ngo-1866, ukuqoqwa kwezingoma ze-Russian Folk eyahlanganiswa nguBalakirev yaphuma, futhi wachitha iminyaka eminingana esebenza kuyo. Ukuhlala eCaucasus (1862 no-1863) kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukujwayelana nendabuko yomculo wasempumalanga, futhi ngenxa yohambo oluya ePrague (1867), lapho uBalakirev ayezoqhuba khona ama-opera kaGlinka, wafunda nezingoma zomdabu zaseCzech. Konke lokhu okuvelayo kubonakala emsebenzini wakhe: isithombe se-symphonic ezingomeni zezingoma ezintathu zesiRashiya "iminyaka eyi-1000" (1864; kuhlelo lwesibili - "Rus", 2), "Czech Overture" (1887), fantasy yasempumalanga yepiyano. "I-Islamey" (1867), inkondlo ye-symphonic "Tamara", eyaqala ngo-1869 futhi yaqedwa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva.

Ukudala, ukwenza, imisebenzi yomculo nezenhlalakahle kaBalakirev kumenza abe omunye wabaculi abahlonishwa kakhulu, futhi u-A. Dargomyzhsky, owaba ngusihlalo we-RMS, ukwazi ukumema uBalakirev esikhundleni somqhubi (izinkathi 1867/68 no-1868/69). Manje umculo wabaqambi be-"Mighty Handful" wawuzwakala kumakhonsathi eNhlangano, umdlalo wokuqala we-Borodin's First Symphony waba yimpumelelo.

Kwakubonakala sengathi impilo kaBalakirev yayikhula, ukuthi phambili kwakukhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme. Futhi kungazelelwe konke kwashintsha kakhulu: Balakirev wasuswa ekuqhubeni amakhonsathi e-RMO. Ukungabi nabulungisa okwenzeka kwakubonakala. Ukucasuka kwavezwa uTchaikovsky noStasov, abakhuluma emaphephandabeni. U-Balakirev ushintsha wonke amandla akhe ku-Free Music School, ezama ukuphikisa amakhonsathi ayo ku-Musical Society. Kodwa ukuncintisana nesikhungo esicebile, esisekelwa kakhulu kwaba nzima kakhulu. Omunye ngemva komunye, Balakirev uhlushwa ukwehluleka, ukungavikeleki kwakhe ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kuphenduka isidingo esikhulu, futhi lokhu, uma kudingekile, ukusekela odadewabo abancane ngemva kokushona kukayise. Awekho amathuba okuqamba. Eqhutshwa ukuphelelwa ithemba, umqambi uze acabange ukuzibulala. Akekho ongameseka: ozakwabo embuthanweni bathutha, ngamunye ematasa nezinhlelo zakhe. Isinqumo sikaBalakirev sokuhlukana unomphela ngobuciko bomculo sasifana nebhawudi elivela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubo. Engazilaleli izicelo zabo nokuncenga, ungena eHhovisi Lesitolo Lomzila Wesitimela WaseWarsaw. Isenzakalo esiyinhlekelele esahlukanisa ukuphila komqambi kwaba izinkathi ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphawulekayo kwenzeka ngoJuni 1872 ....

Nakuba u-Balakirev engazange akhonze isikhathi eside ehhovisi, ukubuyela kwakhe emculweni kwakuyisikhathi eside futhi kunzima ngaphakathi. Uziphilisa ngezifundo zopiyano, kodwa akaziqambi, uhlala yedwa futhi eyedwa. Kuphela ekupheleni 70s. aqale abonakale nabangani. Kodwa lona kwakungumuntu ohlukile. Intshiseko namandla enjabulo endoda eyabelane - nakuba ingashintshile njalo - imibono eqhubekayo yama-60s, yathathelwa indawo yizahlulelo ezinobungcwele, abangcwele kanye ne-apolitical, ezihlangothini olulodwa. Ukuphulukiswa ngemva kwenhlekelele ehlangene akuzange kufike. U-Balakirev uphinde abe yinhloko yesikole somculo asishiya, usebenza ekuqedeni uTamara (ngokusekelwe enkondlweni yegama elifanayo Lermontov), ​​eyaqala ukwenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa komlobi entwasahlobo ka-1883. Okusha, ikakhulukazi izingcezu zepiyano, izinhlelo ezintsha ziyavela (Overture on the theme of the Spanish mashi, inkondlo ye-symphonic "Rus"). Maphakathi nawo-90s. 10 ezothando zidaliwe. Balakirev uqamba kancane kakhulu. Yebo, kwaqala ngawo-60s. I-Symphony Yokuqala yaqedwa kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 (1897), ku-Second Piano Concerto eyakhulelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi wabhala ukunyakaza oku-2 kuphela (okugcwaliswe ngu-S. Lyapunov), umsebenzi we-Second Symphony welulela iminyaka engu-8 ( 1900-08). Ngo-1903-04. kuvela uchungechunge lwezothando ezimnandi. Naphezu kwenhlekelele abhekana nayo, ibanga elivela kubangane bakhe bangaphambili, indima kaBalakirev empilweni yomculo ibalulekile. Ngo-1883-94. wayengumphathi weNkantolo YaseNkantolo futhi, ngokubambisana noRimsky-Korsakov, washintsha ngokungaziwa imfundo yomculo lapho, ebeka isisekelo sobuchwepheshe. Abafundi abanesiphiwo kakhulu sesonto benza umbuthano womculo uzungeze umholi wabo. I-Balakirev nayo yayiyisikhungo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Weimar Circle, eyahlangana no-Academician A. Pypik ngo-1876-1904; lapha wenza ngezinhlelo zekhonsathi ephelele. Ukuxhumana kukaBalakirev nezibalo zomculo zakwamanye amazwe kubanzi futhi kunenjongo: nomqambi nomqambi waseFrance u-L. Bourgault-Ducudray kanye nomgxeki uM. Calvocoressi, nomculi waseCzech nowomphakathi uB. Kalensky.

Umculo we-symphonic kaBalakirev uthola udumo olwengeziwe. Akuzwakali kuphela enhloko-dolobha, kodwa nasemadolobheni asezifundazweni zaseRussia, kwenziwa ngempumelelo kwamanye amazwe - eBrussels, eParis, eCopenhagen, eMunich, eHeidelberg, eBerlin. I-sonata yakhe yepiyano idlalwa ngu-Spaniard R. Vines, "Islamea" yenziwa ngu-I. Hoffman odumile. Ukuthandwa komculo kaBalakirev, ukuqashelwa kwakhe kwamanye amazwe njengenhloko yomculo waseRussia, njengokungathi, kunxephezela ukuxoshwa okudabukisayo okuvela kubantu abaningi ezweni lakubo.

Ifa lokuqamba likaBalakirev lincane, kepha licebile ngezinto zobuciko ezivundise umculo waseRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. U-Tamara ungomunye wemisebenzi ephezulu ye-symphonism yohlobo kazwelonke kanye nenkondlo eyingqayizivele yezingoma. Ezothando zikaBalakirev, kunamasu amaningi kanye nokutholwe kwemibhalo okudale umculo wezwi wangaphandle wegumbi - ekubhaleni komsindo wezinsimbi kaRimsky-Korsakov, emazwini kaBorodin we-opera.

Iqoqo lezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia aligcinanga nje ngokuvula isiteji esisha ku-folkloristics yomculo, kodwa futhi lacebisa i-opera yaseRussia nomculo we-symphonic ngezindikimba eziningi ezinhle. U-Balakirev wayengumhleli womculo omuhle kakhulu: zonke izingoma zokuqala zikaMussorgsky, Borodin noRimsky-Korsakov zadlula ezandleni zakhe. Ulungiselele ukushicilelwa kwamaphuzu womabili ama-opera ka-Glinka (kanye no-Rimsky-Korsakov), kanye nezingoma zika-F. Chopin. U-Balakirev waphila impilo enhle, lapho kwakukhona khona kokubili ukukhuphuka okukhazimulayo nokunqotshwa okudabukisayo, kodwa kukho konke kwakuwukuphila komculi weqiniso omusha.

E. Gordeeva