Isiko lomculo le-classicism: izindaba zobuhle, ama-Viennese classical music, izinhlobo eziyinhloko

Emculweni, njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lobuciko, umqondo we-"classic" unokuqukethwe okungaqondakali. Yonke into ihlobene, futhi noma imaphi amahithi ayizolo amile isikhathi eside - kungaba umsebenzi wobuciko ka-Bach, u-Mozart, u-Chopin, u-Prokofiev noma, uthi, ama-Beatles - angahlukaniswa njengemisebenzi yakudala.

Sengathi abathandi bomculo wakudala bangixolele ngegama elingenangqondo elithi “hit,” kodwa abaqambi abaphambili bake babhalela abantu besikhathi sabo umculo odumile, ngaphandle kokuhlosisa ingunaphakade.

Kwenzelweni konke lokhu? Komunye, lokho Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa umqondo obanzi womculo we-classical kanye ne-classicism njengesiqondiso kubuciko bomculo.

Isikhathi se-classicism

I-Classicism, eyathatha indawo yeRenaissance ngezigaba eziningana, yaqala ukuvela eFrance ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, ibonisa ubuciko bayo ngokwengxenye ukukhuphuka okujulile kobukhosi obuphelele, ngokwengxenye ushintsho ekubukeni kwezwe kusuka kwezenkolo kuya kwezezwe.

Ngekhulu le-18, umjikelezo omusha wokuthuthukiswa kokuqaphela umphakathi waqala - iNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa yaqala. Ubukhazikhazi nobuhle be-Baroque, umanduleli osheshayo we-classicism, kwathathelwa indawo isitayela esisekelwe ekululani nasekungokwemvelo.

Izimiso zobuhle ze-classicism

Ubuciko be-classicism busekelwe -. Igama elithi "classicism" lihlotshaniswa nemvelaphi yegama elivela olimini lwesiLatini - classicus, okusho ukuthi "isibonelo". Imodeli efanelekile yabaculi balo mkhuba kwakuyi-aesthetics yasendulo enomqondo wayo ovumelanayo nokuvumelana. Ku-classicism, ukucabanga kunqoba imizwa, ukuzimela komuntu ngamunye akwamukeleki, futhi kunoma iyiphi into, izici ezijwayelekile, ze-typological zithola ukubaluleka okukhulu. Umsebenzi ngamunye wobuciko kufanele wakhiwe ngokuvumelana nama-canons aqinile. Imfuneko yenkathi ye-classicism ibhalansi yezilinganiso, ingabandakanyi yonke into engadingekile neyesibili.

I-Classicism ibonakala ngokuhlukana okuqinile. Izincwadi “eziphakeme” ziyizincwadi ezibhekisela ezifundweni zasendulo nezenkolo, ezibhalwe ngolimi olunesizotha (inhlekelele, iculo, i-ode). Futhi izinhlobo "eziphansi" yilezo zincwadi ezethulwa ngolimi lwendabuko futhi zikhombisa impilo yabantu (inganekwane, amahlaya). Ukuxuba izinhlobo kwakungamukelekile.

I-Classicism emculweni - ama-Viennese yakudala

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko lomculo elisha maphakathi nekhulu le-18 kwabangela ukuvela kwamasaluni amaningi azimele, imiphakathi yomculo nama-orchestra, nokubanjwa kwamakhonsathi avulekile kanye nemidlalo ye-opera.

Inhloko-dolobha yezwe lomculo ngalezo zinsuku kwakuyiVienna. UJoseph Haydn, uWolfgang Amadeus Mozart kanye noLudwig van Beethoven bangamagama amathathu abalulekile angena emlandweni njengo. Okwakudala kwe-Viennese.

Abaqambi besikole sase-Viennese bazi ngobuciko izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomculo - kusukela ezingomeni zansuku zonke kuya kuma-symphonies. Isitayela esiphezulu somculo, lapho okuqukethwe okucebile okungokomfanekiso kufakwe ngendlela elula kodwa ephelele yobuciko, isici esiyinhloko somsebenzi wama-Viennese classics.

Isiko lomculo we-classicism, njengezincwadi, kanye nobuciko obuhle, bukhazimulisa izenzo zomuntu, imizwelo nemizwa yakhe, okubusa phezu kwesizathu. Abaculi bokudala emisebenzini yabo babonakala ngokucabanga okunengqondo, ukuvumelana nokucaca kwefomu. Ubulula nokulula kwezitatimende zabaqambi be-classical kungase kubonakale kungavamile endlebeni yesimanje (kwezinye izimo, kunjalo), uma umculo wabo ungakhanyi kangako.

Ngayinye yama-Viennese yakudala yayinobuntu obukhanyayo, obuyingqayizivele. U-Haydn no-Beethoven badonseleka kakhulu emculweni wezinsimbi - ama-sonata, amakhonsathi nama-symphonies. U-Mozart wayekhona emhlabeni wonke kukho konke - wadala kalula kunoma yiluphi uhlobo. Waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-opera, edala futhi ethuthukisa izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene - kusukela ku-opera buffa kuya emdlalweni womculo.

Ngokwalokho okuthandwa abaqambi kwemikhakha ethile engokomfanekiso, u-Haydn ujwayeleke kakhulu emidwebeni yohlobo lwesintu, ubufundisi, ubuqhawe; U-Beethoven useduze nobuqhawe kanye nedrama, kanye nefilosofi, futhi, yiqiniso, imvelo, futhi ngezinga elincane, i-lyricism ecwengisisiwe. I-Mozart yahlanganisa, mhlawumbe, yonke imikhakha engokomfanekiso ekhona.

Izinhlobo zomculo we-classicism

Isiko lomculo we-classicism lihlotshaniswa nokudalwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zomculo wezinsimbi - njenge-sonata, i-symphony, ikhonsathi. Ifomu le-sonata-symphonic elinezingxenye eziningi (umjikelezo wezingxenye ezi-4) lakhiwa, okuseyisisekelo semisebenzi eminingi yezinsimbi.

Esikhathini se-classicism, izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-ensembles e-chamber zavela - i-trios ne-string quartets. Uhlelo lwamafomu athuthukiswe isikole saseViennese lusabalulekile nanamuhla - "izinsimbi namakhwela" zanamuhla zibekwe phezu kwalo njengesisekelo.

Ake sicabange kafushane mayelana nesici esisha se-classicism.

Ifomu leSonata

Uhlobo lwe-sonata lwalukhona ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, kodwa ifomu le-sonata lagcina kwakhiwa emisebenzini kaHaydn noMozart, futhi uBeethoven wayiletha ekupheleleni futhi waqala ukuphula ama-canons aqinile ohlobo.

Ifomu le-sonata le-classical lisekelwe ekuphikiseni kwezindikimba ezimbili (ngokuvamile eziphikisanayo, ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisanayo) - eziyinhloko nezesibili - kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwazo.

Ifomu le-sonata lihlanganisa izigaba ezi-3 eziyinhloko:

1. isigaba sokuqala - (eqhuba izihloko eziyinhloko),
2. okwesibili - (ukuthuthukiswa nokuqhathaniswa kwezihloko)
3. futhi okwesithathu - (ukuphindaphinda okuguquliwe kokuvezwa, lapho kuvame ukuhlangana kwethoni yezindikimba eziphikiswe ngaphambilini).

Njengomthetho, izingxenye zokuqala, ezisheshayo ze-sonata noma umjikelezo we-symphonic zabhalwa ngendlela ye-sonata, yingakho igama elithi sonata allegro labelwa lona.

Umjikelezo we-Sonata-symphonic

Ngokuya ngesakhiwo kanye nengqondo yokulandelana kwezingxenye, ama-symphonies nama-sonatas afana kakhulu, yingakho igama elivamile lefomu lomculo elibalulekile - umjikelezo we-sonata-symphonic.

I-symphony yakudala cishe njalo iqukethe ukunyakaza oku-4:

• I - ingxenye esebenzayo esheshayo efomini layo lendabuko le-sonata allegro;
• II - ukuhamba kancane (ifomu layo, njengomthetho, alilawulwa ngokuqinile - ukuhlukahluka kungenzeka lapha, futhi izingxenye ezintathu eziyinkimbinkimbi noma amafomu alula, kanye ne-rondo sonatas, kanye nefomu le-sonata elincane);
• III - minuet (ngezinye izikhathi i-scherzo), okuthiwa yi-genre movement - cishe njalo inkimbinkimbi enezingxenye ezintathu;
• I-IV iyinhlangano yokugcina esheshayo neyokugcina, lapho ifomu le-sonata lalivame ukukhethwa khona, ngezinye izikhathi ifomu le-rondo noma i-rondo sonata.

concert

Igama lekhonsathi njengohlobo livela egameni lesiLatini elithi concertare - "ukuncintisana". Lolu ucezu lwe-orchestra nensimbi yomculo eyedwa. Ikhonsathi yezinsimbi, eyakhiwe ngeRenaissance futhi eyathola ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kakhulu kusiko lomculo weBaroque, yathola ifomu le-sonata-symphonic emsebenzini wama-Viennese classics.

I-Quartet Yezintambo

Ukwakhiwa kwe-quartet yezintambo ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi ama-violin amabili, i-viola ne-cello. Ifomu le-quartet, elifana nomjikelezo we-sonata-symphonic, selivele linqunywe nguHaydn. UMozart noBeethoven nabo baba negalelo elikhulu futhi bavula indlela yokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwalolu hlobo.

Isiko lomculo we-classicism laba uhlobo "lwembeleko" ye-quartet yezintambo; ezikhathini ezalandela kuze kube namuhla, abaqambi abayeki ukubhala imisebenzi eminingi emisha ohlotsheni lwekhonsathi - lolu hlobo lomsebenzi seludingeka kakhulu.

Umculo we-classicism uhlanganisa ngokumangalisayo ubulula nokucaca kwangaphandle nokuqukethwe okujulile kwangaphakathi, okungeyona into engavamile emizweni eqinile nedrama. I-Classicism, ngaphezu kwalokho, isitayela senkathi ethile yomlando, futhi lesi sitayela asikhohlwa, kodwa sinokuxhumana okujulile nomculo wesikhathi sethu (i-neoclassicism, i-polystylistics).