IZINKINGA ZOKULUNGISA IMFUNDO YOMCULO E-RUSSIA NGAMEHLO KATHISHA WESIKOLE SOMCULO WEZINGANE.

     Imisindo yomlingo yomculo - ukuphenduka okunamaphiko - ngenxa yobuhlakani besintu, yenyukela phezulu kunesibhakabhaka. Kodwa ingabe isibhakabhaka sihlala singenafu ngomculo?  “Yinjabulo kuphela ezayo?”, “Ngaphandle kokwazi noma yiziphi izithiyo?”  Ukukhula, umculo, njengempilo yomuntu, njengesiphetho seplanethi yethu, wabona izinto ezihlukile…

     Umculo, indalo entekenteke kakhulu yomuntu, uye wavivinywa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa emlandweni wawo. Udlule ku-obscurantism yenkathi ephakathi, ngezimpi, amakhulu eminyaka ubudala kanye nokushesha kombani, kwendawo kanye nomhlaba jikelele.  Inqobe imibhikisho, izifo eziwubhadane kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ingcindezelo ezweni lethu isiphule isiphetho kwabaningi  abantu abanobuhlakani, kodwa futhi bathulisa ezinye izinsimbi zomculo. Isiginci sacindezelwa.

     Nokho, umculo, nakuba wawulahlekelwe, wasinda.

     Izikhathi zomculo bezinzima…  ubukhona besintu obungenamafu. Kule minyaka ejabulisayo, njengoba izazi eziningi zamasiko zikholelwa, zimbalwa izihlakaniphi “ezizalwayo.” Ngaphansi kwe  enkathini yezinxushunxushu zezenhlalo nezombusazwe!  Kunombono phakathi kososayensi  ukuthi isenzakalo sokuzalwa kwengcweti iyindida ngempela ekuncikeni kwayo ngokungaqondile “kwikhwalithi” yaleso sikhathi, izinga lokuthanda kwayo isiko.

      Yebo, umculo kaBeethoven  owazalwa ngesikhathi esibuhlungu eYurophu, kwavela “njengempendulo”  enkathini enyantisa igazi kaNapoleon, inkathi yeNguquko YaseFrance.  ukukhuphuka kwamasiko aseRussia  Ikhulu le-XIX alizange libe khona epharadesi lase-Edene.  U-Rachmaninov waqhubeka nokudala (nakuba nokuphazamiseka okukhulu) ngaphandle kweRussia yakhe ethandekayo. Uguquko lwehlela ikusasa lakhe lokudala. U-Andres Segovia Torres usindise futhi waphakamisa isiginci phakathi neminyaka lapho umculo waseSpain wawuminyanisa. Izwe lakubo lalahlekelwa ubukhulu bamandla olwandle empini. Amandla obukhosi anyakaziswa. Izwe laseCervantes, Velazquez, Goya labhekana nempi yokuqala yokufa ne-fascism. Futhi ulahlekile...

     Vele, kungaba unya ngisho nokukhuluma ngokumodela inhlekelele yezenhlalo nezombusazwe ngomgomo owodwa kuphela: ukuvusa ubuhlakani, ukwakha indawo yokuzalela, ukwenza ngokuvumelana nesimiso esithi “okubi, okungcono kakhulu.”  Kepha,  isiko lingathonywa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-scalpel.  Umuntu uyakwazi  Usizo  umculo.

      Umculo yinto emnene. Akakwazi ukulwa, nakuba ekwazi ukulwa nobumnyama. Umculo  udinga ukuhlanganyela kwethu. Uyasabela ekuthakazelweni kwababusi nothando lwabantu. Isiphetho sayo sincike emsebenzini ozinikele wabaculi futhi, ezicini eziningi, kothisha bomculo.

     Njengothisha esikoleni somculo wezingane esiqanjwe ngalo. U-Ivanov-Kramsky, mina, njengozakwethu abaningi, ngifisa ukusiza izingane ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi zenze indlela yazo eya emculweni ezimeni zanamuhla ezinzima zokuguqula uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo. Akulula ngomculo nezingane, nakubantu abadala, ukuba baphile enkathini yoshintsho.

      Inkathi yezinguquko nezinguquko...  Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyathanda noma singathandi, ngeke sikwazi ukuzibamba ngaphandle kokusabela ezinseleleni zesikhathi sethu.  Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho kwakhiwa izindlela ezintsha nezindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga zomhlaba, kubalulekile ukuthi kungagcini nje ukuqondiswa izithakazelo zobuntu nezwe lethu elikhulu, kodwa futhi ukungalahlekelwa umbono wamaphupho nezifiso zabancane ” umculi osemusha. Kungenzeka kanjani, uma kungenzeka, iguqule ngokungenabuhlungu imfundo yomculo, igcine izinto ezindala eziwusizo, futhi ilahle (noma iguqule) eyisidala nengadingekile?  Futhi lokhu kufanele kwenziwe kucatshangelwa izimfuneko ezintsha zesikhathi sethu.

     Futhi kungani izinguquko zidingeka nhlobo? Phela, ochwepheshe abaningi, nakuba kungebona bonke, bacabangela imodeli yethu yemfundo yomculo  ngempumelelo kakhulu.

     Wonke umuntu ophila emhlabeni wethu ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye ubhekana (futhi ngokuqinisekile uzobhekana nekusasa) izinkinga zomhlaba wonke zesintu. Lokhu  -  kanye nenkinga yokuhlinzeka isintu ngezinsiza (izimboni, amanzi nokudla), kanye nenkinga yokungalingani kwabantu, okungaholela "ekuqhumeni," indlala, nezimpi emhlabeni. Phezu kwesintu  usongo lwempi ye-thermonuclear lwalusondela. Inkinga yokulondoloza ukuthula inkulu kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Inhlekelele yemvelo iyeza. Ubuphekula. Imiqedazwe yezifo ezingelapheki. Inkinga yaseNyakatho-Ningizimu. Uhlu lungaqhutshwa. Emuva ekhulwini le-19, isazi semvelo esingumFulentshi uJ. B. Lemarque santela ngokudabukisa: “Umuntu ngempela uwuhlobo oluzozibhubhisa.”

      Ochwepheshe abaningi basekhaya nabangaphandle emkhakheni wezifundo zamasiko omculo sebeyawuqaphela umthelela omubi okhulayo wezinqubo ezithile zomhlaba wonke “kwikhwalithi” yomculo, “ikhwalithi” yabantu, kanye nekhwalithi yemfundo yomculo.

      Indlela yokusabela kulezi zinselele? Eyezinguquko noma eyokuziphendukela kwemvelo?  Ingabe kufanele sihlanganise imizamo yezifundazwe eziningi noma silwe ngabanye?  Ubukhosi beSiko noma amazwe ngamazwe amasiko? Abanye ochwepheshe babona indlela yokuphuma  kunqubomgomo yokuhwebelana komnotho wembulunga yonke, ekuthuthukisweni kokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokujula kokubambisana komhlaba wonke. Okwamanje -  Lona mhlawumbe imodeli evelele, nakuba ingenakuphikiswa, yohlelo lwezwe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akubona bonke ochwepheshe abavumelana nezindlela zokuvimbela izinhlekelele zomhlaba wonke ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Ochwepheshe abaningi babikezela ukuthi izovela esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo.  imodeli ye-neoconservative yokwakha ukuthula. Kunoma yikuphi, isixazululo sezinkinga eziningi  iyabonakala  ekuhlanganiseni imizamo yamaqembu aphikisanayo ezimisweni zesayensi, izinguquko kancane kancane, ukucabangela imibono nezikhundla, ukuhlola izindlela ezehlukene ezisekelwe ekuhloleni, ezimisweni zokuncintisana okwakhayo.  Mhlawumbe, isibonelo, kungaba kuhle ukudala amamodeli ahlukile wezikole zomculo wezingane, kuhlanganise nokuzisekela. “Makuqhakaze izimbali eziyikhulu!”  Kubalulekile futhi ukufuna ukuvumelana kokubalulekile, imigomo, namathuluzi okuguqula. Kuyancomeka ukukhulula, ngangokunokwenzeka, izinguquko engxenyeni yezombusazwe, lapho izinguquko zingasetshenziswa hhayi kakhulu ngenxa  umculo ngokwawo, bangaki ngokwezintshisekelo zamaqembu amazwe, ku  izithakazelo zenkampani njengethuluzi lokuqeda amandla izimbangi.

     Izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene nesintu  imisebenzi  nquma izidingo zabo zezinsiza zabantu. Umuntu omusha wesimanje uyashintsha. Yena  kufanele ihambisane nobudlelwano obusha bokukhiqiza. Imibandela nezimfuneko ezibekwe kumuntu ezimeni zesimanje ziyashintsha. Izingane nazo ziyashintsha. Izikole zomculo wezingane, njengesixhumanisi esiyinhloko ohlelweni lwemfundo yomculo, ezinomgomo wokuhlangana “nabanye” abafana namantombazane “amasha”, futhi ziwashunise “kukhiye” owufunayo.

     Embuzweni obuzwe ngenhla,  ukuthi izinguquko ziyadingeka yini emkhakheni wokufundisa umculo, mhlawumbe impendulo ingase ibhalwe kanje. Imibono emisha ekuziphatheni kwabantu abasha, ukushintsha ukuthambekela kokubaluleka, izinga elisha le-pragmatism, i-rationalism nokunye okuningi kudinga impendulo eyanele evela kothisha, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha nezindlela zokulungisa nokujwayela umfundi wesimanje kulezo zendabuko, isikhathi- izimfuneko ezivivinyiwe ezenza abaculi abaphambili “besikhathi esidlule” banyukele ezinkanyezini. Kodwa isikhathi asisethuli kuphela izinkinga ezihlobene nesici somuntu. Ithalente elincane, ngaphandle kokuqaphela, libhekene nemiphumela  ukwephula imodeli endala yentuthuko yezomnotho nepolitiki,  ingcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe...

     Eminyakeni engu-25 edlule  kusukela ukuwa kwe-USSR kanye nokuqala kokwakhiwa komphakathi omusha  Kwakukhona kokubili amakhasi agqamile futhi angalungile emlandweni wokuguqula uhlelo lwasekhaya lwemfundo yomculo. Isikhathi esinzima sama-90s sanikeza indlela yesigaba sezindlela ezilinganiselayo zokuguqula.

     Isinyathelo esibalulekile nesidingekayo ekuhleleni kabusha uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo wasekhaya kwaba ukwamukelwa nguHulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia “Umqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwemfundo emkhakheni wamasiko nobuciko eRussian Federation ka-2008-2015. ” Yonke imigqa yalo mbhalo ibonisa isifiso sababhali sokusiza umculo uphile futhi unikeze nomfutho  intuthuko yayo eyengeziwe. Kuyacaca ukuthi abasunguli be "Concept" banenhliziyo ebuhlungu ngesiko nobuciko bethu. Kuyacaca ukuthi akunakwenzeka ngokushesha, ngobusuku obubodwa, ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ezihlobene nokuvumelanisa ingqalasizinda yomculo namaqiniso amasha. Lokhu kuchaza, ngokombono wethu, indlela yobuchwepheshe eyeqile, engacabangi ngokugcwele yokunqoba izinselele ezintsha zangaleso sikhathi. Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto ezicatshangelwe ngokucophelela, kodwa (nakuba kungaphelele) kuhlonzwe izinkinga zemfundo yezobuciko ziqondisa ngokusobala izinhlangano zemfundo zezwe ekususeni izingqinamba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngobulungisa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amathuluzi, izindlela nezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga ezithile ezimweni zobudlelwane obusha bemakethe aziboniswa ngokugcwele. Ubumbaxambili benkathi yenguquko buphakamisa indlela embaxambili engacacile emisebenzini exazululwayo.

     Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ababhali baphoqeleka ukuthi badlule ezinye izici ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kwemfundo yomculo. Isibonelo nje, izindaba zoxhaso lwezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zezemfundo, kanye nokudalwa kohlelo olusha lokuholelwa kothisha, zishiywa ngaphandle esithombeni. Kanjani, ezimweni zezomnotho ezintsha, ukunquma isilinganiso samathuluzi wombuso nemakethe ekuhlinzekeni  ukukhula kwemisebenzi yabaculi abasebasha (ukuhleleka kombuso noma izidingo zemakethe)? Ungathonya kanjani abafundi - ukukhululeka kwenqubo yemfundo noma ukulawulwa kwayo, ukulawula okuqinile? Ubani obusa inqubo yokufunda, uthisha noma umfundi? Ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yomculo - ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi noma isinyathelo sezinhlangano ezizimele? Ubunikazi bezwe noma "i-Bolonization"?  Ukwehlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha zale mboni noma ukugcina ukulawula okuqinile kukahulumeni? Futhi uma kunomthethonqubo oqinile, khona-ke uzosebenza kanjani? Kuyoba yini isilinganiso esamukelekayo sezinhlobo zezikhungo zemfundo ezimweni zaseRussia - umbuso, umphakathi, ezizimele?    Indlela ye-liberal noma ye-neoconservative?

     Enye yezinto ezinhle, ngokombono wethu, yizikhathi zenqubo yezinguquko  kwakukhona ingxenye ethile (ngokusho kwabaguquli abakhulu, ababengabalulekile kakhulu) ukulawulwa nokuphathwa kombuso  uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi okunye ukunwetshwa kokuphathwa kwesistimu kwenzeka ngokweqiniso esikhundleni se-dejure. Ngisho nokwamukelwa komthetho wezemfundo ngo-2013 akuzange kuyixazulule kakhulu le nkinga. Nakuba,  Yiqiniso, abaningi emibuthanweni yomculo wezwe lakithi babenethemba  isimemezelo sokuzimela kwezinhlangano zemfundo, inkululeko yabasebenzi bokufundisa nabazali babafundi ekuphathweni kwezinhlangano zemfundo yamukelwa (3.1.9). Uma ngaphambili konke kwezemfundo  izinhlelo zavunywa ezingeni loMnyango Wezamasiko Nezemfundo, manje izikhungo zomculo sezikhululekile kancane ekudwebeni amakharikhulamu, zandisa uhla lwemisebenzi yomculo efundwayo, kanye maqondana  ukufundisa izitayela zesimanje zobuciko bomculo, okuhlanganisa i-jazz, i-avant-garde, njll.

     Ngokuvamile, "Uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yemfundo yomculo waseRussia kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2020 kanye nohlelo lokusebenza lokuqaliswa kwalo" olwamukelwa uMnyango Wezamasiko Wenhlangano YaseRussia ludinga ukuhlolwa okuphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo,  Ngicabanga ukuthi lo mbhalo obalulekile unganezelwa kancane. Ake siyiqhathanise nayo  yamukelwa e-USA ngo-2007 ku-symposium yaseTanglewood (yesibili).  "Ukushadisela Ikusasa"  Uhlelo “Izikhombisi-ndlela Eziyinhloko Zokuguqulwa Kwemfundo Yomculo Yase-US Yeminyaka Elandelayo Engama-40.” Kwethu  umbono wokucabangela, umbhalo waseMelika, ngokungafani nowaseRussia, uvame kakhulu, uyamemezela, futhi uyancomeka ngokwemvelo. Ayesekelwa iziphakamiso ezithile kanye nezincomo ezindleleni nezindlela zokwenza lokho okuhleliwe. Abanye ochwepheshe bathethelela ukunwebeka ngokweqile kwe-American  idokhumenti ngokuthi kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwaqubuka khona inkinga yezimali enzima kakhulu ka-2007-2008 e-United States.  Ngokombono wabo, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza izinhlelo zekusasa ezimweni ezinjalo. Kubonakala kithi ukuthi kungenzeka  izinhlelo zesikhathi eside (isiRashiya neMelika) azixhomekile kuphela ezingeni lokucaciswa kwepulani, kodwa futhi nekhono "eliphezulu" lokuthakazelisa umphakathi womculo wamazwe amabili ukusekela izinhlelo ezitholiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuningi kuzoncika ekhonweni labaphathi abaphezulu ukuze bathole umphumela oyifunayo, ekutholakaleni kwezinsiza zokuphatha phezulu. Umuntu angakwazi kanjani ukuqhathanisa i-algorithm?  ukwenza izinqumo kanye nokubulawa e-USA, China kanye naseRussian Federation.

       Ochwepheshe abaningi babheka indlela yokuqapha eRussia yokuguqula ukwakheka kwenhlangano yemfundo yomculo njengento enhle. Abaningi basekhona  Bakholelwa ukuthi imodeli yemfundo yomculo enezigaba ezintathu ehlukanisiwe eyakhiwe ezweni lakithi ngeminyaka yama-20s no-30s yekhulu lamashumi amabili iyingqayizivele futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu. Masikhumbule ukuthi ngohlelo lwayo oluhle kakhulu ihlanganisa imfundo yomculo wamabanga aphansi ezikoleni zomculo wezingane, imfundo ekhethekile yamabanga aphezulu emakolishi omculo nasezikoleni.  imfundo ephakeme yomculo emanyuvesi kanye nama-conservatories. Ngo-1935, izikole zomculo zezingane ezinekhono nazo zadalwa kuma-conservatories.  Ngaphambi kwe-"perestroika" e-USSR kwakukhona izikole zomculo zezingane ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-5, izikole zomculo ezingu-230, izikole zobuciko ezingu-10, izikole zokufundisa zomculo ezingu-12, i-conservatories engu-20, izikhungo zokufundisa zomculo ezi-3, iminyango yomculo engaphezu kuka-40 ezikhungweni zokufundisa. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amandla alesi simiso asemandleni okuhlanganisa isimiso sokubamba iqhaza kwabantu abaningi nesimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha umuntu ngamunye.  abafundi abanekhono, okubanikeza amathuba okukhula kochwepheshe. Ngokusho kwezazi zomculo ezihamba phambili zaseRussia (ikakhulukazi, ilungu le-Union of Composers of Russia, ikhandidethi lomlando wezobuciko, uprofesa LA Kupets),  Imfundo yomculo enezinga ezintathu kufanele igcinwe, njengoba ishintshwe nje kuphela, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuletha amadiploma avela ezikhungweni zomculo zasekhaya ngokuhambisana nezidingo zezikhungo zemfundo zomculo wangaphandle ezihamba phambili.

     Isipiliyoni saseMelika sokuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokuncintisana lobuciko bomculo ezweni sidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile.

    Ukunaka komculo e-USA kukhulu. Emibuthanweni kahulumeni kanye nasemphakathini womculo waleli zwe, kokubili impumelelo yezwe kanye nezinkinga emhlabeni womculo, kuhlanganise nomkhakha wemfundo yomculo, kuxoxwa kabanzi. Izingxoxo ezisabalele zibekwe isikhathi, ikakhulukazi, ukuze zihambisane "nosuku Lokumela Ubuciko" lwaminyaka yonke olugujwa e-United States, okwathi, ngokwesibonelo, lwawa ngo-March 2017-20 ngo-21. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lokhu kubhekwa kufanele, ngo isandla esisodwa, esifisweni sokulondoloza udumo lobuciko baseMelika, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isifiso sokusebenzisa  izinsiza zobuhlakani bomculo, imfundo yomculo ukukhulisa ukungavikeleki komphakathi emzabalazweni wokugcina ubuholi baseMelika kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho emhlabeni. Esigcawini kuKhongolose yase-US mayelana nomthelela wobuciko nomculo emnothweni wezwe (“I-Economic and Employment Impact of the Arts and Music Industry”, Ukulalelwa phambi kweNdlu yabaMeli base-US, Mashi 26, 2009)  ukukhuthaza umbono wokusebenza okwengeziwe  Kusetshenziswa amandla obuciko ukuxazulula izinkinga zezwe, la mazwi alandelayo kaMongameli Obama asetshenziswa:  “Ubuciko nomculo kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinga labasebenzi bakuleli, ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo, ukuthuthukisa isimo ezikoleni.”

     Usozimboni odumile waseMelika uHenry Ford wakhuluma ngendima yobuntu, ukubaluleka kwekhwalithi yobuntu: “Ungathatha amafekthri ami, imali yami, ushise izakhiwo zami, kodwa ningishiye bantu bami, futhi ngaphambi kokuba nibuyele ezingqondweni zenu, ngizobuyisela. konke futhi ngizoba phambi kwakho…»

      Ochwepheshe abaningi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi ukufunda umculo kuvula umsebenzi wobuhlakani bomuntu, kuthuthukisa eyakhe  I-IQ ithuthukisa ubuhlakani bomuntu, umcabango, ukucabanga okungabonakali, kanye nokuqamba okusha. Ososayensi eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin baphethe ngokuthi abafundi bepiyano bakhombisa ukuphakama  (34% ephakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izingane) umsebenzi walezo zindawo zobuchopho ezisetshenziswa kakhulu umuntu ekuxazululeni izinkinga emkhakheni wezibalo, isayensi, ubunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe.   

     Kubonakala sengathi emibuthanweni yomculo yase-US ukubonakala kwe-monograph ka-DK Kirnarskaya emakethe yezincwadi yaseMelika kuzokwamukelwa. "Umculo wakudala wawo wonke umuntu." Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ochwepheshe baseMelika kungaba yilesi sitatimende sombhali: “Umculo wakudala… ungumbheki nomfundisi wokuzwela ngokomoya, ubuhlakani, isiko nemizwa… Noma ngubani othanda umculo we-classic uzoshintsha ngemuva kwesikhashana: abe buthakathaka, ahlakaniphe kakhudlwana, futhi imicabango yakhe yenkambo izoba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ihlakaniphe, futhi ingeyona into encane.”

     Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umculo, ngokusho kososayensi abaholayo bezombusazwe baseMelika, uletha izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho eziqondile emphakathini. Ingxenye yomculo yomphakathi waseMelika igcwalisa kakhulu isabelomali sase-US. Ngakho-ke, wonke amabhizinisi nezinhlangano ezisebenza emkhakheni wezamasiko wase-US minyaka yonke zithola ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-166, ziqasha abantu baseMelika abayizigidi eziyi-5,7 (1,01% yenani labantu abaqashwe emnothweni waseMelika) futhi balethe cishe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 kwisabelomali sezwe. Unodoli.

    Singalibeka kanjani inani lemali eqinisweni lokuthi abafundi abahileleke ezinhlelweni zomculo wesikole mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba bahileleke ebugebengwini, ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa, nasekuphuzeni utshwala? Sifinyelela eziphethweni ezinhle mayelana neqhaza lomculo kule ndawo  kweza, ngokwesibonelo, iKhomishini Yezidakamizwa kanye Notshwala yaseTexas.

     Futhi ekugcineni, ososayensi abaningi baseMelika bayaqiniseka ukuthi umculo nobuciko buyakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zokusinda kwesintu emhlabeni wonke ezimweni ezintsha zempucuko. Ngokusho kwesazi somculo saseMelika u-Elliot Eisner (umbhali wencwadi ethi “Implications of the New Educational Conservatism  for the Future of the Art Education”, Hearing, Congress of the USA, 1984), “othisha bomculo kuphela abaziyo ukuthi ezobuciko nobuntu ziyisixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule nekusasa, okusisiza ukuba silondoloze izindinganiso zobuntu ezweni. iminyaka yama-elekthronikhi nemishini” . Amazwi kaJohn F. Kennedy ngale ndaba ayathakazelisa: “Ubuciko abuyona neze into yesibili ekuphileni kwesizwe. Isondelene kakhulu nenjongo eyinhloko yombuso, futhi isivivinyo se-litmus esisivumela ukuthi sihlole izinga lempucuko yawo.”

     Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isiRashiya  imodeli yezemfundo (ikakhulukazi uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwezikole zomculo wezingane  nezikole zezingane ezinekhono)  ayihambisani neningi labantu bakwamanye amazwe  izinhlelo zokukhetha nokuqeqesha abaculi. Ngaphandle kwezwe lakithi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile (eJalimane, eChina), uhlelo lwezigaba ezintathu zokuqeqesha abaculi abafana neRussia alwenziwa. Isebenza kanjani imodeli yasekhaya yemfundo yomculo? Okuningi kungaqondwa ngokuqhathanisa ulwazi lwakho nomkhuba wamazwe angaphandle.

     Imfundo yomculo e-USA ingenye ehamba phambili emhlabeni,  nakuba ngokwemibandela ethile, ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, kusengaphansi kweRussia.

     Isibonelo, imodeli yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic (ngokwemibandela ethile ebalulekile yayibizwa nge-“McDonaldization”), ngokufana okuthile kwangaphandle neyethu, ingaphezulu.  elula ngesakhiwo futhi mhlawumbe kancane  ukusebenza kancane.

      Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-USA kunconywa izifundo zomculo zokuqala (isifundo esisodwa noma ezimbili ngesonto).  ungene ngaphakathi  esikoleni samabanga aphansi, kodwa empeleni lokhu akuphumeleli ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuqeqeshwa komculo akuphoqelekile. Eqinisweni, izifundo zomculo ezikoleni zikahulumeni zaseMelika  njengesibopho, qala kuphela  с  ebangeni lesishiyagalombili, okungukuthi, eneminyaka eyi-13-14. Lokhu, ngisho nangokwezazi zomculo zaseNtshonalanga, sekwephuze kakhulu. Ngokwezinye izilinganiso, empeleni, 1,3  Izigidi zabafundi basezikoleni zamabanga aphansi azinalo ithuba lokufunda umculo. Ngaphezu kuka-8000  Izikole zomphakathi e-United States azinikezi izifundo zomculo. Njengoba wazi, isimo saseRussia kule ngxenye yemfundo yomculo asisihle neze.

       Imfundo yomculo e-USA ingatholakala ku  ama-conservatories, izikhungo, amanyuvesi omculo,  eminyangweni yomculo yamanyuvesi, kanye nasezikoleni zomculo (amakolishi), eziningi zazo  ifakwe emanyuvesi nasezikhungweni. Kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi lezi zikole/amakolishi awawona ama-analogue ezikole zomculo wezingane zaseRussia.  Okuhlonishwa kakhulu kwe  Izikhungo zemfundo yomculo waseMelika yiCurtis Institute of Music, Julliard School, Berklee College of Music, New England Conservatory, Eastman School of Music, San Francisco Conservatory of Music nezinye. Kunama-conservatories angaphezu kuka-20 e-USA (lona kanye igama elithi “indawo yokugcina izingane” alinangqondo kakhulu kubantu baseMelika; ezinye izikhungo ngisho namakolishi angabizwa ngale ndlela).  Ama-conservatories amaningi asekela ukuqeqeshwa kwawo emculweni we-classic. Okungenani eziyisikhombisa  ama-conservatories  funda umculo wesimanje. Imali ekhokhwayo (imfundo kuphela) kokunye okuhlonishwa kakhulu  Amanyuvesi aseMelika  Isikole saseJulliard siyadlula  Izinkulungwane ezingama-40 zamaRandi ngonyaka. Lokhu kuphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kuya kwezintathu kunokuvamile  amanyuvesi omculo e-USA. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi  ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni waseMelika iJulliard School  idala igatsha layo ngaphandle kwe-United States e-Tianjin (PRC).

     I-niche yemfundo ekhethekile yomculo wezingane e-United States igcwaliswe ngokwengxenye izikole zokulungiselela, ezisebenza cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezinkulu ze-conservatories kanye "nezikole zomculo"  USA. De jure, izingane ezineminyaka eyisithupha ubudala zingakwazi ukufunda ezikoleni zokulungiselela. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe eSikoleni Sokulungiselela, umfundi angangena enyuvesi yomculo futhi afake isicelo sokuthola iziqu ze- “Bachelor of Music Education” (ezifana nezinga lolwazi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yokufunda emanyuvesi ethu), “Master of Music Education efana nohlelo lwenkosi yethu), “Udokotela Ph. D in Music” (okukhumbuza ngokunganaki esikoleni sethu esineziqu).

     Ngokusobala kungenzeka esikhathini esizayo ukudala izikole ezikhethekile zomculo zemfundo yamabanga aphansi e-United States ngesisekelo semfundo evamile "Izikole zikaMagnet" (izikole zezingane ezinesiphiwo).

     Okwamanje ungaphakathi  Kukhona othisha bomculo abayizinkulungwane ezingama-94 e-USA (0,003% yenani labantu bezwe). Umholo wabo ojwayelekile ungama-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezingama-65 ngonyaka (usuka ku-33 130 kuya ku-28,43 XNUMX). Ngokusho kweminye idatha, iholo labo eliphakathi liphansi kancane. Uma sibala amaholo kathisha womculo waseMelika ngehora lokufundisa, iholo elimaphakathi lizoba ngu-$XNUMX ngehora.  ihora.

     Essence  Indlela yokufundisa yaseMelika (“McDonaldization”), ikakhulukazi  iwukuhlanganisa okuphezulu, ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kanye nokumiswa kwemfundo.  Abanye abantu baseRussia banokungathandi okuthile  abaculi nososayensi bagqugquzelwa yiqiniso lokuthi  le ndlela iholela ekwehleni kobuhlakani bomfundi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imodeli yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic inezinzuzo eziningi.  Isebenza kakhulu futhi ikhwalithi enhle. Ivumela umfundi ukuthi azuze ngokushesha izinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe. Ngendlela, isibonelo se-American pragmatism kanye nezamabhizinisi yiqiniso lokuthi  Abantu baseMelika bakwazile ukusungula uhlelo lokwelapha umculo ngesikhathi esifushane futhi bakhulise isibalo sabelaphi bomculo e-United States safinyelela ku-7 XNUMX.

      Ngokungeziwe kulo mkhuba oshiwo ngenhla obheke ekwehleni kokusungula kwabafundi kanye nezinkinga ezikhulayo ngemfundo yomculo ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme, umphakathi womculo waseMelika ukhathazekile ngokuncishiswa kwesabelomali seqoqo lemfundo yomculo. Abantu abaningi bakhathazekile ngokuthi ohulumeni basekhaya nabaphakathi kwezwe abakuqondi ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kokufundisa intsha yaseMelika kwezobuciko nomculo. Inkinga yokukhethwa, ukuqeqeshwa kothisha, nokushintshwa kwabasebenzi nayo inkulu. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zixazululwe nguSolwazi uPaul R. Layman, iDini yeSikole Somculo eNyuvesi yaseMichigan, embikweni wakhe esigcawini seNgqungquthela yaseMelika phambi kweKomidi Elincane Lezemfundo Eyisisekelo, Sesibili kanye Nezemfundo Yezandla.

      Kusukela kuma-80s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, udaba lokuguqula uhlelo lukazwelonke lokuqeqesha abasebenzi bomculo belunzima e-United States. Ngo-1967, i-Tanglewood Symposium yokuqala yenza izincomo mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemfundo yomculo. Sezakhiwe izinhlelo zezinguquko kule ndawo  on  Isikhathi seminyaka engama-40. Ngo-2007, ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, kwaba nomhlangano wesibili ohlonishwayo othisha bomculo, abadlali, ososayensi kanye nochwepheshe. Uchungechunge olusha, oluthi, “Tanglewood II: Charting for the future,” lwamukele isimemezelo sezinkombandlela eziyinhloko zoshintsho lwezemfundo lweminyaka engama-40 ezayo.

       Ingqungquthela yesayensi yabanjwa ngo-1999  “I-Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020”, lapho kuzanywe khona ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokufundisa umculo esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-20. Kwamukelwa isimemezelo esihambisanayo.

      Ukuze kuxoxwe ngezindaba ezihlobene nemfundo yomculo ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi nesekondari e-United States, inhlangano yamaMelika wonke ethi "The Music Education Policy Roundtable" yasungulwa ngo-2012. Lezi zinhlangano zomculo zaseMelika ezilandelayo zinenzuzo:  American  I-String Teachers Association, Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yezemfundo Yomculo, Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yefilosofi Yemfundo Yomculo, Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yezemfundo Yomculo, Inhlangano Yezwe Yothisha Bomculo.

      Ngo-1994, amazinga kazwelonke emfundo yomculo amukelwa (futhi alekelelwa ngo-2014). Abanye ochwepheshe bayakukholelwa lokho  amazinga abekwe ngendlela ejwayelekile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mazinga agunyazwe ingxenye yezifundazwe kuphela, ngenxa yokuthi anezinga eliphakeme lokuzimela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinjalo. Ezinye izifundazwe zazakhela ezazo izindinganiso, kanti ezinye azizange zilusekele nhlobo lolu hlelo. Lokhu kuqinisa iphuzu lokuthi ohlelweni lwezemfundo lwaseMelika, imboni ezimele, hhayi uMnyango wezeMfundo, ebeka izindinganiso zokufundisa umculo.

      Sisuka e-USA sizodlulela e-Europe, siye eRussia. I-European Bologna Reform (eqondwa njengendlela yokuvumelanisa izinhlelo zemfundo  amazwe angaphansi koMphakathi WaseYurophu), esethathe izinyathelo zawo zokuqala ezweni lethu ngo-2003, amile. Wabhekana nokulahlwa ingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi womculo wasekhaya. Imizamo ihlangabezane nokuphikiswa okuthile  kusuka phezulu, ngaphandle kwengxoxo ebanzi,  lawula inani lezikhungo zomculo nothisha bomculo eRussian Federation.

     Kuze kube manje, uhlelo lwe-Bolognese lukhona endaweni yethu yomculo endaweni ecishe ithule. Izici zayo ezinhle (ukuqhathaniswa kwamazinga okuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, ukuhamba kwabafundi nothisha,  ukuhlanganiswa kwezimfuneko zabafundi, njll.) zihlukaniswa, njengoba abaningi bekholelwa, ngezinhlelo zemfundo zemojuli kanye “nokungapheleli” kwesistimu yeziqu zesayensi ezinikezwa ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuqeqeshwa. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi, naphezu kwenqubekelaphambili ebalulekile, uhlelo lokuqashelwa okufanayo kwezitifiketi zemfundo luhlala lungathuthukisiwe.  Lokhu "okungahambisani" kushubile ikakhulukazi  kubonwa yizifundazwe ezingaphandle koMphakathi WaseYurophu, kanye namazwe angenele ukhetho lwe-Bologna. Amazwe ajoyina lolu hlelo azobhekana nomsebenzi onzima wokuqondanisa amakharikhulamu awo. Kuzodingeka futhi baxazulule inkinga eqhamuka ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo  ukwehla phakathi kwabafundi  izinga lokucabanga kokuhlaziya, isimo sengqondo esibucayi maqondana  impahla yokufundisa.

     Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuyisisekelo ngenkinga ye-Bolonization yohlelo lwasekhaya lwemfundo yomculo, kungakuhle ukuthi uphendukele emisebenzini yesazi somculo esidumile, umdlali wopiyano, uprofesa.  KV Zenkin, nabanye ochwepheshe bobuciko abavelele.

     Kwesinye isikhathi kungenzeka (ngokubhukha okuthile) ukuya kuMphakathi WaseYurophu, onentshisekelo yomqondo wokuhlanganisa izinhlelo zemfundo yomculo eYurophu, ngesinyathelo sokwandisa ububanzi bendawo yalo mbono, okokuqala e-Eurasian, futhi ekugcineni esikalini somhlaba.

      EGreat Britain, uhlelo lokukhetha lokuqeqesha abaculi selugxile. Othisha bezikole ezizimele bayathandwa. Kukhona encane  izikole eziningi zomculo wezingane zangoMgqibelo kanye nezikole zomculo ezikhethekile ezimbalwa ezifana nePurcell School, ngaphansi kokusekelwa yiNkosana yaseWales. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lemfundo yomculo eNgilandi, njengasemazweni amaningi omhlaba, linokuningi okufanayo ngesimo nesakhiwo salo. Umehluko uhlobene nekhwalithi yokufundisa, izindlela, amafomu  ukuqeqeshwa, izinga lokusebenzisa ikhompuyutha, izinhlelo zokugqugquzela abafundi, izinga lokulawula nokuhlolwa komfundi ngamunye, njll. 

      Ezindabeni zemfundo yomculo, iJalimane ihluke kancane emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga ngolwazi lwayo olucebile lwemfundo yomculo. Ngendlela, izinhlelo zaseJalimane nezaseRussia zinokufana okuningi. Njengoba kwaziwa, ngo-XIX  ekhulwini, saboleka okuningi esikoleni somculo saseJalimane.

     Njengamanje, kunenethiwekhi ebanzi yezikole zomculo eJalimane. IN  Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-980, isibalo sabo senyuke safinyelela ku-XNUMX (uma siqhathanisa, eRussia kunezikole zomculo wezingane ezicishe zibe yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha). Inani elikhulu lazo likhokhelwa izikhungo zomphakathi (zikahulumeni) eziphethwe iziphathimandla zedolobha kanye nohulumeni basekhaya. Ikharikhulamu nesakhiwo sabo kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ukubamba iqhaza kombuso ekuphatheni kwabo kuncane futhi kuwuphawu. Cishe  Othisha abayizinkulungwane ezingama-35 balezi zikole bafundisa abafundi abacishe babe yizinkulungwane ezingama-900 (eRussian Federation, emfundweni ephakeme yezandla, imithethonqubo isungula isilinganiso sabasebenzi bokufundisa ngenani labafundi njengo-1 kuya ku-10). EJalimane  Kukhona nezikole ezizimele (ezingaphezu kuka-300) nezomculo wezohwebo. Ezikoleni zomculo zaseJalimane kunamazinga amane emfundo: amabanga aphansi (kusukela eminyakeni engu-4-6), aphansi aphakathi nendawo, aphakathi nendawo naphambili (aphakeme - mahhala). Ngamunye wabo, ukuqeqeshwa kuthatha iminyaka engu-2-4. Imfundo yomculo engaphezulu noma engaphelele ibiza abazali cishe ama-euro ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30-50.

     Ngokuqondene nezikole ezijwayelekile zohlelo lolimi (I-Gymnasium) nezikole zemfundo ejwayelekile (Gesamtschule), isifundo somculo esiyisisekelo (esiyisisekelo) (umfundi angakhetha ukufunda umculo noma ubuciko bokubukwayo)  noma ubuciko baseshashalazini) amahora angu-2-3 ngesonto. Isifundo somculo ozikhethela sona, esigxile kakhulu sihlinzeka ngamakilasi amahora angu-5-6 ngesonto.  Ikharikhulamu ibandakanya ukuqonda ithiyori yomculo jikelele, notation yomculo,  izisekelo zokuzwana. Cishe zonke izikhungo zokuvivinya umzimba nesikole samabanga aphezulu  Ine  ihhovisi elinemishini yokulalelwayo neyevidiyo (wonke uthisha wesihlanu womculo eJalimane uqeqeshelwe ukusebenza ngemishini ye-MIDI). Kunezinsimbi zomculo eziningana. Ukuqeqeshwa kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngamaqembu abantu abahlanu, umuntu ngamunye  ngensimbi yakho. Ukwakhiwa kwama-orchestra amancane kwenziwa.

      Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izikole zomculo zaseJalimane (ngaphandle kwezikahulumeni) azinayo ikharikhulamu efanayo.

     Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lemfundo (ama-conservatories, amanyuvesi) ahlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa iminyaka emi-4-5.  Amanyuvesi asebenza ngokukhethekile  ukuqeqeshwa kothisha bomculo, i-conservatory - abadlali, abaqhubi. Abathweswe iziqu bavikela ithisisi (noma i-dissertation) yabo futhi bathole iziqu ze-master. Esikhathini esizayo, kungenzeka ukuvikela i-dissertation yobudokotela. Kunezikhungo zomculo eziphakeme eziyi-17 eJalimane, kufaka phakathi ama-conservatories amane kanye nezikole eziphakeme eziyi-13 ezilingana nazo (singabalwa amakhono akhethekile neminyango emanyuvesi).

       Othisha abazimele nabo bayafuneka eJalimane. Ngokusho kwenyunyana yabasebenzi baseJalimane yothisha abazimele, isibalo sabafundisi bomculo ozimele ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni kuphela sidlula abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisi-6.

     Isici esihlukile samanyuvesi omculo waseJalimane izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuzimela kanye nokuzimela kwabafundi. Bazenzela ezabo ikharikhulamu ngokuzimela, bakhethe ukuthi yiziphi izinkulumo namasemina okufanele baye khona (hhayi kancane, futhi mhlawumbe nenkululeko enkulu nakakhulu ekukhetheni izindlela zokufundisa, uhlelo lokuhlola ukusebenza kahle, ukudweba.  Ikharikhulamu enetimu iyahluka emfundweni yomculo e-Australia). EJalimane, isikhathi esiyinhloko sokufundisa sichithwa ezifundweni zomuntu ngamunye nothisha. Ithuthuke kakhulu  esiteji nokuzijwayeza ukuvakasha. Kunama-orchestra angewona ochwepheshe abalelwa ku-150 ezweni. Imidlalo yomculo emasontweni idumile.

     Izikhulu zezobuciko zaseJalimane zikhuthaza intuthuko ebheke phambili, emisha ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwemfundo yomculo nomculo. Ngokwesibonelo, basabela kahle  emcabangweni wokuvula i-Institute for the Support and Study of Musical Talents eNyuvesi yasePaterborn.

     Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi eJalimane kwenziwa umzamo omkhulu ekugcineni izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lolwazi lomculo olujwayelekile labantu.

       Ake sibuyele ohlelweni lwesiRashiya lomculo  imfundo. Kungaphansi kokugxekwa okubukhali, kodwa kuze kube manje uhlelo lomculo wasekhaya lusamile  i-vospitania  nemfundo.  Lolu hlelo luhlose ukulungiselela umculi kokubili njengengcweti nanjengengcweti yamasiko  umuntu okhuliswe ngezimiso zobuntu kanye nokusebenzela izwe lakhe.

      Lolu hlelo lwalusekelwe kwezinye izici zemodeli yaseJalimane yokufundisa izimfanelo zomphakathi nezenhlalakahle zomuntu ngamunye, ezibolekwa yiRussia ngekhulu le-19, eJalimane eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Bildung (ukwakheka, ukukhanyiselwa). Isuka ku  Ngekhulu le-18, lesi simiso semfundo saba yisisekelo sokuvuselela isiko elingokomoya laseJalimane.  “Ikhonsathi,” inyunyana yalabo bantu bamasiko, ngokwezazi zesimiso samaJalimane, “iyakwazi ukudala  isizwe esinempilo, esiqinile.”

     Okuhlangenwe nakho kokudala uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo kakade ku-20s yekhulu lamashumi amabili, ehlongozwa ngumqambi wase-Austrian ophikisanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe.  uthisha uCarl Orff.  Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokusebenza nezingane esikoleni saseGünterschule sokuzivocavoca, umculo nokudansa, asidala, u-Orff wacela ukuthuthukisa amakhono okudala kuzo zonke izingane ngaphandle kokukhetha futhi azifundise.  sondelani ngobuhlakani isixazululo sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi nenkinga kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Yeka ukuthi lokhu kuvumelana kangakanani nemibono yothisha wethu womculo odumile u-AD  Artobolevskaya! Ekilasini lakhe lomculo cishe babengekho abafundi abashiya phansi. Futhi iphuzu akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi wayebathanda ngenhlonipho abafundi bakhe (“i-pedagogy, njengoba ayevame ukusho, ithi –  hypertrophied motherhood"). Kuye, zazingekho izingane ezingenamakhono. I-pedagogy yakhe - "i-pedagogy yemiphumela yesikhathi eside" - ayilolongi umculi kuphela, hhayi umuntu oyedwa kuphela, kodwa nomphakathi ...  И  Umuntu angakukhumbuli kanjani amazwi ka-Aristotle okuthi ukufundisa umculo “kufanele kuphishekele imigomo yobuhle, yokuziphatha neyokuhlakanipha?  kanye “nokuvumelanisa ubudlelwano phakathi komuntu ngamunye nomphakathi.”

     Futhi kuyathakazelisa  isipiliyoni sesayensi nesokufundisa sabaculi abadumile u-BL Yavorsky (ithiyori yokucabanga komculo, umqondo wokucabanga okuhlangene kwabafundi)  и  BV Asafieva  (ukuhlakulela intshisekelo nothando lobuciko bomculo).

     Imibono yomphakathi wobuntu, imfundo yokuziphatha, engokomoya neyokuziphatha yabafundi ibhekwa ngabaculi abaningi baseRussia nothisha njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa komculo nobuciko baseRussia. Uthisha womculo uG. Neuhaus wathi: “Ekuqeqesheni umshayi wopiyano, ukulandelana kwezigaba kwemisebenzi kungokulandelayo: owokuqala umuntu, owesibili umculi, owesithathu umculi, owesine kuphela oshaya umculo.”

     RџS•Rё  Lapho kucutshungulwa izindaba eziphathelene nokuguqulwa kwesistimu yemfundo yomculo eRussia, umuntu ngeke akwazi ukuzibamba ngaphandle kokuthinta lolu daba  ekugcineni ukuzibophezela emigomeni yokusebenza kahle ezifundweni ku  ukuqeqeshwa kwabaculi. Ngokubhukha okuthile, kungashiwo ukuthi isistimu yethu yemfundo yomculo ayizange ilahlekelwe isiko layo lemfundo emashumini eminyaka adlule aneziyaluyalu. Kubonakala sengathi, ngokuvamile, sikwazile ukungalahlekelwa amandla anqwabelene emakhulwini eminyaka futhi ahlolwe isikhathi, nokugcina ukunamathela kumasiko nezindinganiso zakudala.  Futhi, ekugcineni, amandla aphelele obuhlakani bezwe agciniwe ukuze kufezwe umsebenzi walo wamasiko ngomculo. Ngingathanda ukukholelwa ukuthi ingxenye ye-heuristic yemfundo yezemfundo nayo izoqhubeka nokuthuthuka. 

     Imfundo kanye nesimo esiyisisekelo semfundo yomculo, njengoba umkhuba usubonisile, kuphenduke umgomo omuhle wokugomela ubudlabha, ongahloliwe.  ukudlulisela emhlabathini wethu okunye  Izinhlobo zaseNtshonalanga zemfundo yomculo.

     Kubonakala sengathi ngezinhloso zokusungula amasiko  ukuxhumana namazwe angaphandle, ukushintshana kokuhlangenwe nakho ekuqeqesheni abaculi, kungakuhle ukuthi udale amakilasi amancane omculo ngesisekelo sokuhlola, isibonelo, kumanxusa ase-US naseJalimane eMoscow (noma ngenye ifomethi). Othisha bomculo abamenywe kulawa mazwe bangabonisa izinzuzo  American, German futhi ngokuvamile  Izinhlelo zezemfundo ze-Bologna. Ayoba khona amathuba okwazana kangcono  ngezindlela ezithile zakwamanye amazwe (kanye nezincazelo zazo) zokufundisa umculo (izindlela  Dalcroze,  Kodaya, Carla Orfa, Suzuki, O'Connor,  Ithiyori kaGordon yokufunda komculo, “conversational solfege”, uhlelo lwe-“Simply music”, indlela ka-M. Karabo-Kone nezinye). Okuhlelelwe, isibonelo, "ukuphumula/izifundo" zabafundi bezikole zomculo zaseRussia nezangaphandle - abangani, ezindaweni zethu zokungcebeleka eziseningizimu kungaba usizo emculweni nasezinganeni. Lolu hlobo lobudlelwano bamasiko amazwe ngamazwe, ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zokufunda ulwazi lwakwamanye amazwe (nokukhangisa okwakhe), ludala imigudu yokubambisana engeyona eyepolitiki engaba negalelo.   iqhaza ekunqandeni nasekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano phakathi kweRussia  kanye namazwe aseNtshonalanga.

     Ukuzinikela kwengxenye enkulu yokusungulwa komculo waseRussia emigomeni yemfundo eyisisekelo yemfundo yomculo esikhathini esimaphakathi kungadlala indima yokonga emculweni waseRussia. Iqiniso liwukuthi eminyakeni eyi-10-15 kungenzeka ukuwohloka kwabantu ezweni lethu. Ukuthutheleka kwabantu abasha baseRussia emnothweni wezwe, isayensi nezobuciko kuzokwehla kakhulu. Ngokwezibikezelo ezingenathemba, ngo-2030 inani labafana namantombazane aneminyaka engu-5-7 lizokwehla cishe ngo-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi samanje. Izikole zomculo wezingane zizoba ngezokuqala ohlelweni lokufundisa umculo ukubhekana nale nkinga. Ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane, igagasi “lokwehluleka” kwezibalo zabantu lizofinyelela emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu ohlelweni lwezemfundo. Ngenkathi silahlekelwa ngokwezibalo, isikole somculo saseRussia singakwazi futhi kufanele sikunxephezele lokhu ngokwakha amandla aso aphezulu kanye  ikhono lawo wonke umculi osemusha.  Mhlawumbe,   Ngokulandela amasiko emfundo yezemfundo kuphela, ngisebenzisa amandla aphelele eqoqo lomculo wezwe lakithi  Ungathuthukisa uhlelo lokuthola amadayimane omculo futhi uwaguqule abe amadayimane.

     Conceptual (noma mhlawumbe  nolwazi olusebenzayo) lokulindela umthelela wezibalo endaweni yomculo kungaba  iwusizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezifanayo ezingxenyeni ezidinga ulwazi olunzulu, ezintsha zomnotho kazwelonke waseRussia.

     Ikhwalithi yokulungiselela  ezikoleni zomculo wezingane zingandiswa, kuhlanganise nokubamba izifundo ezivulekile zabafundi abavelele kakhulu bezikole zomculo wezingane, isibonelo, e-Russian Academy.  umculo oqanjwe ngamaGnessins. Kungaba yinzuzo enkulu ngezikhathi ezithile  ukubamba iqhaza kosolwazi basenyuvesi yomculo ekuqeqesheni abaculi abasebasha. Ngokubona kwethu, ezinye iziphakamiso ezingaba usizo nazo zingaba  zethulwe engxenyeni yokugcina yalesi sihloko.

     Ukuhlaziya isimo ohlelweni lwezemfundo lwaseRussia, kufanele siphawule ngokuzisola  iqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu edlule  izinkinga ezintsha nemisebenzi yokulungisa kwengezwa kwedlule. Ziqhamuke phakathi nalesi sikhathi soguquko zisuka emnothweni ohleliwe ziye emnothweni wemakethe ngenxa yenkinga yesistimu eyathatha isikhathi eside.  umnotho kanye nesakhiwo sezepolitiki sezwe lethu,  futhi babekhona   kubhebhethekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kweRussia namazwe ngamazwe ngasohlangothini lwamazwe aseNtshonalanga ahamba phambili. Ubunzima obunjalo buhlanganisa  ukunciphisa uxhaso lwemfundo yomculo, izinkinga zokuzibona ubuciko kanye  ukuqashwa kwabaculi, ukwanda kokukhathala komphakathi, ukunganaki,  ukulahlekelwa uthando ngokwengxenye  nabanye.

     Noma kunjalo, wethu  ifa lomculo, isipiliyoni esiyingqayizivele ekuthuthukiseni amathalente kusivumela ukuthi siqhudelane ngokuba nethonya emhlabeni  nqoba "ikhethini lensimbi" lomculo. Futhi lokhu akuyona nje imvula yamathalenta aseRussia  esibhakabhakeni sasentshonalanga. Izindlela zasekhaya zemfundo yomculo ziya ngokuya zithandwa emazweni athile ase-Asia, ngisho naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho kuze kube muva nje noma yikuphi ukungena kwethu, ngisho nangokwesiko, kwavinjelwa ama-blocs ezempi nezepolitiki i-SEATO ne-CENTO.

         Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaShayina kwezinguquko kudinga ukunakwa. Ibonakala ngezinguquko ezicatshangelwe ngokucophelela, ukutadisha kwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa isiRashiya, isipiliyoni, ukulawula okuqinile kokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo, nezinyathelo zokulungisa nokwenza ngcono izinguquko eziqalisiwe.

       Kufakwa umzamo omkhulu  ukuze kugcinwe, ngangokunokwenzeka, indawo yamasiko ehlukile eyakhiwe impucuko yaseShayina yasendulo.

     Umqondo wamaShayina wemfundo yomculo nobuhle wawusekelwe emibonweni kaConfucius ngokwakha isiko lesizwe, ukuthuthukisa umuntu ngamunye, ukunothisa ngokomoya, nokukhulisa ubuhle. Izinjongo zokuthuthukisa isikhundla sokuphila esisebenzayo, uthando ngezwe lomuntu, ukulandela imikhuba yokuziphatha, kanye nekhono lokubona nokuthanda ubuhle bezwe elisizungezile nazo zimenyezelwa.

     Ngendlela, ngokusebenzisa isibonelo sokuthuthukiswa kwesiko lamaShayina, ngokubhuka okuthile, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlola indawo yonke ye-thesis (ngokuvamile, esemthethweni kakhulu) yesazi sezomnotho esidumile saseMelika uMilton Friedman ukuthi "amazwe acebile kuphela angakwazi ukulondoloza isiko elithuthukile.”

     Ukuguqulwa kohlelo lwemfundo yomculo  ku-PRC yaqala phakathi neminyaka yama-80s ngemva kokuba sekucacile ukuthi uhlelo lokushintshela kwezwe emnothweni wemakethe, olwaqanjwa ukhokho wezinguquko zaseShayina u-Deng Xiaoping, lwase luqalisiwe ngokujwayelekile.

     Kakade emuva ngo-1979, emhlanganweni wezikhungo eziphakeme zomculo nezokufundisa e-China  kwanqunywa ukuthi kuqalwe amalungiselelo oshintsho. Ngo-1980, kwadwetshwa “Uhlelo Lokuqeqeshwa Kochwepheshe Bomculo Ezikhungweni Zemfundo Ephakeme” (okwamanje, kukhona othisha bomculo abacishe babe yizinkulungwane ezingama-294 ezikoleni zamaShayina, okuhlanganisa izinkulungwane eziyi-179 ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi, izinkulungwane ezingama-87 ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu kanye nezinkulungwane ezingama-27. ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwamukelwa isinqumo ekulungiseleleni nasekushicilelweni kwezincwadi zokufundisa (zasekhaya nezihunyushwe kwamanye amazwe), okuhlanganisa nezindaba zemfundo yokufundisa umculo. Ngesikhashana nje, ucwaningo lwezemfundo lwalungiswa futhi lwashicilelwa ezihlokweni ezithi “Umqondo Wemfundo Yomculo” (umbhali uCao Li), “Ukwakhiwa Komculo  imfundo” (Liao Jiahua), “Imfundo yobuhle esikhathini esizayo” (Wang Yuequan),  "Isingeniso Sesayensi Yangaphandle Yemfundo Yomculo" (Wang Qinghua), "Imfundo Yomculo Nokufundisa" (Yu Wenwu). Ngo-1986, kwaba nengqungquthela enkulukazi yamaShayina efundisa ngomculo. Izinhlangano eziphathelene nezindaba zemfundo yomculo zasungulwa kusenesikhathi, okuhlanganisa Umkhandlu Wokucwaninga Ngemfundo Yomculo, Inhlangano Yabaculi Yezemfundo Yomculo, Ikomidi Lezemfundo Yomculo, njll.

     Kakade ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa, izinyathelo zathathwa zokuhlola ukunemba kwesifundo esikhethiwe futhi silungise. Ngakho, kuphela ngo-2004-2009 e-China  kwabanjwa izingqungquthela ezine zabameleli kanye nezingqungquthela ngemfundo yomculo, kuhlanganisa nezintathu  International.

     Isimiso sesikole samaShayina okukhulunywe ngaso ngenhla siyakubeka lokho  Esikoleni samabanga aphansi, kusukela ebangeni lokuqala kuya kwelesine, izifundo zomculo ziqhutshwa kabili ngesonto, kusukela ebangeni lesihlanu - kanye ngesonto. Amakilasi afundisa ukucula, ikhono lokulalela umculo,  ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo (upiyano, i-violin, umtshingo, i-saxophone, izinsimbi ezishaywayo), ukufunda ukuphawula komculo. Imfundo yesikole yenezelwa ngamakilabhu omculo ezigodlweni zamavulandlela, izikhungo zamasiko nezinye izikhungo zemfundo eyengeziwe.

     Kunezikole eziningi ezizimele zomculo wezingane kanye nezifundo eShayina.  Kukhona uhlelo olulula lokuwavula. Kwanele ukuba nemfundo ephakeme yomculo futhi uthole ilayisensi yemisebenzi yokufundisa umculo. Kusungulwa ikomiti lezivivinyo ezikoleni ezinjalo  ngokubamba iqhaza kwabamele ezinye izikole zomculo. Ngokungafani nezethu, izikole zomculo zezingane zaseShayina ziheha ngenkuthalo  osolwazi nothisha abavela kuma-conservatories kanye namanyuvesi okufundisa. Lokhu, isibonelo,  Isikole Sobuciko Sezingane sase-Jilin Institute of Arts kanye neSikhungo Sezingane sase-Liu Shikun.

     Izikole zomculo zamukela izingane ezineminyaka eyisithupha ngisho naneminyaka emihlanu ubudala (ezikoleni ezijwayelekile zesiShayina, imfundo iqala zineminyaka eyisithupha).

     Kwamanye amanyuvesi aseShayina (ama-conservatories, manje aseyisishiyagalombili)  Kunezikole zomculo zamabanga aphansi nezamabanga aphezulu zokuqeqeshwa okujulile kwezingane ezinesiphiwo - lezi ezibizwa ngezikole zezinga loku-1 nelesi-2.  Abafana namantombazane bakhethwa ukuba bafunde lapho besebaneminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha. Umncintiswano wokwamukelwa ezikoleni eziyisipesheli zomculo mkhulu kakhulu, kusukela  Lokhu -  indlela ethembekile yokuba umculi okhokhelwayo. Lapho bemukelwa, akuhlolisiswa kuphela amakhono omculo (okulalela, inkumbulo, isigqi), kodwa futhi ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kanzima kuhlolwa -  izimfanelo ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu phakathi kwamaShayina.

     Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, izinga lemishini yezikhungo zomculo ezinezindlela zobuchwepheshe namakhompiyutha e-China ingelinye laphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni.

                                                          ZAKLU CHE NIE

     Ukubuka izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile ku  Imfundo yomculo waseRussia, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwesistimu kule ndawo, ngokuyinhloko, akukenzeki. Usole abaguquli bethu noma ubabonge ngokusindisa uhlelo olubalulekile?  Isikhathi sizonikeza impendulo yalo mbuzo. Abanye ochwepheshe basekhaya bakholelwa ukuthi into esebenza ngempumelelo akufanele iguqulwe nhlobo (into eyinhloko ukugcina ifa lamasiko futhi ungalahlekelwa izinga eliphezulu labaculi). Ngokombono wabo, akuyona ingozi ukuthi uthisha kaVan Cliburn wayengumculi waseRussia owafundiswa ezweni lakithi. Abasekeli bezinyathelo eziqinile baphuma kuma-postulates aphikiswa ngokulingana.  Ngokombono wabo, kudingeka izinguquko, kodwa azikaqali nokuqala. Esikubonayo kuyizinyathelo zobuhle kuphela.

      Kungacatshangwa ukuthi  ukuqapha okukhulu ekuguqulweni  ezinye izakhi ezibalulekile ngokuyisisekelo imfundo umculo, kanye  Ukungazinaki kanye nokushaya indiva izimfuneko zomhlaba kubangela usongo lokusalela emuva. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela ebucayi yokuxazulula izinkinga esibhekene nazo  oberegaet  (njengoba i-conservatory yokuqala yase-Italy yake yenza) yini  amagugu omphakathi wethu.

     Amahhashi azama ukuguqulwa ngeminyaka yama-90s nge  iziqubulo eziguquguquka ngokweqile kanye “ne-saber drawn” (yeka umehluko ophawulekayo “enguqukweni yaseKabalevsky”!)  zathathelwa indawo ekuqaleni kwaleli khulunyaka ngezinyathelo ezicophelelayo ezingaguquki eziya emigomweni efanayo. Izimfuneko ziyadalwa  ukuvumelanisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuguqula, ukuthola izixazululo ezihlanganyelwe nezivunyelwene ngazo, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka komlando,  ukuthuthukiswa ngokucophelela kohlelo lwezemfundo oluguquguqukayo.

    Imiphumela yomsebenzi omningi owenziwa eRussian Federation ukuze uvumelane nomculo  amaqoqo amaqiniso amasha, ngokubona kwethu, awakwaziswa ngokugcwele emphakathini womculo wezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, akuwona wonke amaqembu anentshisekelo - abaculi, othisha, abafundi -  umbono obanzi, oyinkimbinkimbi uyavela  mayelana nemigomo, amafomu, izindlela kanye nesikhathi sokuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwemfundo yomculo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - mayelana ne-vector yayo ...  Indida ayilingani.

    Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni kwezinyathelo ezingokoqobo kule ndawo, singaphetha ngokuthi ngokubhukha okuthile  kuningi okusazofezeka. Kudingeka  Hhayi kuphela  qhubeka nalokhu osekuqalile, kodwa futhi ubheke amathuba amasha okwenza ngcono indlela ekhona.

      Eziyinhloko, ngokubona kwethu,  izikhombisi-ndlela zezinguquko esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo  kungaba okulandelayo:

   1. Ukucwengwa okusekelwe kokubanzi  umphakathi  ingxoxo yomqondo nohlelo  ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemfundo yomculo yesikhathi esimaphakathi neside, kucatshangelwa ulwazi oluthuthukile lwakwamanye amazwe.  Kungaba kuhle ukunaka  okubalulekile kanye nengqondo yomculo ngokwawo, qonda ukuthi ungawafaka kanjani ebudlelwaneni bemakethe.

     Mhlawumbe kunengqondo ukwandisa ububanzi bokusekela ngokobuhlakani, kwesayensi nokuhlaziya ukutadisha izindaba zethiyori kanye nokusebenza kwezinguquko, okuhlanganisa nokuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa okufanele.  izingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe. Zingahlelwa, isibonelo, e-Valdai, kanye naku-PRC (ngamangazwa ijubane, inkimbinkimbi kanye nokucaciswa kwezinguquko), i-USA (isibonelo sakudala se-Western innovation)  noma e-Italy (isidingo sokuhlelwa kabusha kwesistimu yezemfundo sikhulu kakhulu, njengoba ukuguqulwa komculo waseRoma kungenye yezinto ezingakhiqizi kakhulu futhi eziphuzile).  Ukwenza ngcono uhlelo lokuqapha imibono kanye nokuhlolwa kwabameleli  wonke amazinga omphakathi womculo ekuthuthukiseni imfundo yomculo.

      Iqhaza elikhulu kunakuqala ekwenzeni uhlelo lwezemfundo lube lulusuku lwakamuva  Izicukuthwane zomculo wezwe, izinhlangano zomphakathi, i-Union of Composers, amandla okuhlaziya ama-conservatories, izikole zomculo nezikole, kanye nezinkonzo neminyango efanelekile yaseRussia bayacelwa ukuthi badlale,  UMkhandlu ngaphansi kukaMongameli weRussian Federation for Culture and Art, Centre for the Economics of Continuing Education of the Russian Academy of Economy and State University,  UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezemfundo Yomculo Wesimanje, Umkhandlu Wesayensi Emlandweni Wemfundo Yomculo  nabanye. Ukwenza intando yeningi inqubo yezinguquko  kungaba usizo ukudala  Russian  Inhlangano Yabaculi ezindabeni zenguquko ethuthukisiwe yemfundo yomculo (ngaphezu koMkhandlu Wezesayensi osanda kwakhiwa ngezinkinga zemfundo yomculo).

   2. Sesha amathuba okusekela ngokwezimali izinguquko engxenyeni yomculo emnothweni wemakethe. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaShayina kokuheha abalingisi abangebona bezwe kungaba usizo lapha.  imithombo yezimali.  Futhi, kunjalo, ngeke sikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho okucebile kwezwe elihamba phambili lonxiwankulu: i-United States. Ekugcineni, akumele sinqume ukuthi singathembela kangakanani kuxhaso lwemali oluvela ezinhlanganweni ezisiza umphakathi kanye neminikelo yangasese. Futhi zingancishiswa kangakanani izimali ezivela esabelweni sezimali sombuso?

     Isipiliyoni saseMelika sikhombisile ukuthi ngesikhathi senhlekelele ka-2007-2008, umkhakha womculo wase-US wahlupheka kakhulu kuneningi.  eminye imikhakha yezomnotho (futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uMongameli u-Obama wabele amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-50 ukugcina imisebenzi  umkhakha wezobuciko). Nokho, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi phakathi kwamaciko kukhule ngokuphindwe kabili kunawo wonke umnotho. Ngo-2008, abaculi abayizinkulungwane ezingu-129 balahlekelwa imisebenzi e-United States. Nalabo abangaxoshwanga  bathole ubunzima obubalulekile, njengoba bethola iholo elincane ngenxa yokwehliswa kwezinhlelo zokukhuluma. Isibonelo, amaholo abaculi belinye lama-orchestra aseMelika ahamba phambili emhlabeni, iCincinnati Symphony, ehle ngo-2006% ngo-11, futhi Inkampani ye-Baltimore Opera yaphoqeleka ukuthi iqale ukuqolwa. E-Broadway, abanye abaculi bahlukumezekile njengoba umculo obukhoma usuthathelwe indawo ngomculo orekhodiwe.

       Esinye sezizathu zalesi simo esingesihle kangako e-United States ngokuxhaswa kwezinhlaka zomculo kube ukwehla okukhulu kwesabelo semithombo kahulumeni yoxhaso emashumini eminyaka adlule: kusuka ku-50% yenani eliphelele lemali etholwe emculweni. ifinyelela ku-10% njengamanje. Umthombo wangasese wokusiza umphakathi wokutshalwa kwezimali, owahlupheka ngesikhathi senhlekelele, ngokwesiko wawubalelwa ku-40% wayo yonke imijovo yezezimali. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenhlekelele  Izimpahla zezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi zehle ngo-20-45% esikhathini esifushane. Ngokuqondene nemithombo yethu yamarisidi emali (ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuthengisweni kwamathikithi nokukhangisa), isabelo saso ngaphambi kwenhlekelele sasicishe sibe ngama-50%, ngenxa yokuncipha kwesidingo sabathengi.  nazo zancipha kakhulu.  UBruce Ridge, usihlalo weNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ye-Symphony and Opera Musicians, kanye nozakwabo abaningi kwadingeka banxuse i-US Congress ngesicelo sokuthatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa umthwalo wentela ezisekelweni ezizimele. Amazwi aqala ukuzwakala kaningi evuna ukwenyuswa kwezimali zikahulumeni kule mboni.

    Okokuqala ukukhula komnotho, bese kulandela uxhaso lwezamasiko?

     3.  Ukwandisa isithunzi Russian  imfundo yomculo, okuhlanganisa nokwenyusa izinga lamaholo kubaculi. Udaba lwamaholo othisha nalo lushubile. Ikakhulukazi kumongo  inkimbinkimbi yemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi okufanele bayixazulule ezikhundleni ngokusobala ezingenakuncintisana (thatha, isibonelo, izinga lokuphepha  izinsiza kanye nemishini). Cabanga ngenkinga ekhulayo yokugqugquzela abafundi “abancane” ukuthi bayofunda ezikoleni zomculo wezingane, u-2% kuphela.  (ngokweminye imithombo, lesi sibalo siphakeme kancane) abaxhumanisa ikusasa labo lobuchwepheshe nomculo!

      4. Ukuxazulula inkinga yokusekelwa kokuhleleka kwenqubo yemfundo (ukunikeza amakilasi ngemishini yevidiyo neyomsindo, izikhungo zomculo,  Imishini ye-MIDI). Hlela ukuqeqeshwa nokuqeqeshwa kabusha  othisha bomculo esifundweni "Ukudala umculo usebenzisa ikhompyutha", "Ukwakheka kwekhompyutha", "Izindlela zamakhono okufundisa ekusebenzeni ngezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha omculo". Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu kufanele acabangele ukuthi, ngenkathi kuxazululwa izinkinga eziningi zemfundo ngokushesha nangempumelelo, ikhompiyutha ayikakakwazi ukuthatha indawo yesici sokudala emsebenzini womculi.

     Yakha uhlelo lwekhompyutha lokufunda ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene zabantu abakhubazekile.

    5. Ukukhuthaza intshisekelo yomphakathi emculweni (ukwakha "isidingo", okuzothi, ngokwemithetho yomnotho wemakethe, kushukumise "ukunikezwa" okuvela emphakathini womculo). Izinga lomculi kuphela libalulekile lapha. Kudingeka futhi  izenzo ezikhuthele kakhulu zokuthuthukisa izinga lamasiko lalabo abalalela umculo, ngakho-ke nawo wonke umphakathi. Ake sinikhumbuze ukuthi izinga lezinga lomphakathi liphinde libe yizinga lezingane ezizovula umnyango wesikole somculo. Ikakhulukazi, singasebenzisa kabanzi umkhuba osetshenziswa esikoleni somculo wezingane zethu, okubandakanya wonke umndeni ekuhlanganyeleni ohambweni, amakilasi, kanye nokuthuthukisa amakhono emndenini okubona imisebenzi yobuciko.

      6. Ngezinhloso zokuthuthukisa imfundo yomculo kanye nokuvimbela "ukunciphisa" (ikhwalithi kanye nenani) kwezithameli zamahholo ekhonsathi, kungase kube kuhle ukuthuthukisa imfundo yomculo ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi nasesekondari. Izikole zomculo wezingane zingadlala indima engenzeka kulokhu (isipiliyoni, abasebenzi, ikhonsathi kanye nemisebenzi yokufundisa yabaculi abancane).

     Ngokwethula ukufundiswa komculo ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu,  Kutuswa ukucabangela isipiliyoni esibi sase-United States. Isazi saseMelika uLaura Chapman encwadini yakhe ethi "Instant Art, Instant Culture" sisho isimo esibi sezindaba.  ngokufundisa umculo ezikoleni ezijwayelekile. Ngokubona kwakhe, isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukushoda okukhulu kothisha bomculo abaqeqeshiwe. UChapman uyakukholelwa lokho  1% kuphela wawo wonke amakilasi kulesi sihloko ezikoleni zomphakathi wase-US aqhutshwa ezingeni elifanele. Kukhona inani eliphezulu lokushintshwa kwabasebenzi. Uphinde waveza ukuthi ama-53% abantu baseMelika abakayitholi nhlobo imfundo yomculo…

      7. Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda edumile  umculo we-classical, "ukuwuletha" "kumthengi" (amakilabhu, izikhungo zamasiko, izindawo zamakhonsathi). Isiphetho sokungqubuzana phakathi komculo “obukhoma” nokuqoshwa kukaGoliyathi akukafinyelelwa. Vuselela umkhuba wakudala wokubamba amakhonsathi amancane endaweni yenkundla  amahholo esinema, emapaki, eziteshini ze-metro, njll. Lezi nezinye izindawo zingabamba ama-orchestra angase asungulwe, okuhlanganisa nabafundi bezikole zomculo wezingane kanye nabafundi abaphumelele. Isipiliyoni esinjalo sikhona esikoleni somculo sezingane zethu esiqanjwe ngalo. AM Ivanov-Kramsky. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseVenezuela kuyathakazelisa, lapho, ngokwesekwa umbuso nezinhlaka zomphakathi, inethiwekhi kazwelonke yama-orchestra ezingane nentsha yasungulwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zentsha “yasemgwaqweni”. Sakheka kanjena sonke isizukulwane sabantu abathanda umculo. Inkinga enkulu yomphakathi nayo yaxazululeka.

     Xoxa ngamathuba okudala “idolobha lomculo” eNew Moscow noma i-Adler enekhonsathi yayo, imfundo, kanye nengqalasizinda yamahhotela (efana neSilicon Valley, Las Vegas, Hollywood, Broadway, Montmartre).

      8. Ukwenza kusebenze imisebenzi emisha neyokuhlola  ngenhloso yokwenza uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo lube lulusuku lwakamuva. Ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa intuthuko yasekhaya kule ndawo, kwatuseka ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwesiShayina. Kukhona indlela eyaziwayo eyasetshenziswa i-PRC lapho yenza izinguquko ezinkulu zezombusazwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-70 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Njengoba kwaziwa,  U-Deng Xiaoping uqale wahlola lolu shintsho  endaweni yesinye sezifundazwe zaseShayina (Sichuan). Futhi kuphela ngemva kwalokho wadlulisela isipiliyoni esizuzwe ezweni lonke.

      Kwasetshenziswa nendlela yesayensi  ekuguqulweni kwemfundo yomculo eChina.   Ngakho,  Kuzo zonke izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezikhethekile ze-PRC, kwasungulwa amazinga ukuze othisha benze umsebenzi wocwaningo.

      9. Ukusebenzisa amakhono kamabonakude nomsakazo ukwenza umculo waziwe, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yezikole zomculo wezingane nezinye izikhungo zemfundo zomculo.

      10. Ukudalwa kwesayensi ethandwayo kanye  aqukethe amafilimu avusa isithakazelo emculweni.  Ukwenza amafilimu mayelana  ikusasa ezinganekwaneni engavamile abaculi: Beethoven, Mozart, Segovia, Rimsky-Korsakov,  Borodino, Zimakov. Dala ifilimu yezingane emayelana nempilo yesikole somculo.

       11. Shicilela ezinye izincwadi ezingavusa intshisekelo yomphakathi emculweni. Uthisha esikoleni somculo wezingane wenza umzamo wokushicilela incwadi ezosiza abaculi abasebasha ukuba bathuthukise isimo sengqondo ngomculo njengento engokomlando. Incwadi engabuza umbuzo kumfundi, ngubani oza kuqala emhlabeni womculo: ubuhlakani bomculo noma umlando? Ingabe umculi ungumhumushi noma umdali womlando wobuciko? Sizama ukuletha kubafundi besikole somculo wezingane (kuze kube manje asiphumelelanga) inguqulo yencwadi ebhalwe ngesandla emayelana neminyaka yobuntwana yabaculi abaphambili bomhlaba. Senze umzamo hhayi nje kuphela ukuqonda  kokuqala  umsuka wobungcweti babaculi abakhulu, kodwa futhi ukukhombisa isizinda somlando wenkathi "eyazala" kungqondongqondo. Kungani uBeethoven avela?  U-Rimsky-Korsakov wawutholaphi umculo omnandi kangaka?  Ukubheka emuva kwezindaba zamanje... 

       12. Ukuhlukahluka kwamashaneli kanye namathuba okuzibonela abaculi abancane (amakheshi aqondile). Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yokuvakasha. Khulisa uxhaso lwayo. Ukunakwa okwanele kwesimanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokuzibona, isibonelo, eJalimane, kuye kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuncintisana  on  indawo kuma-orchestra ahlonishwayo  ikhule izikhathi eziningi kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule futhi yafinyelela cishe abantu abangamakhulu amabili esihlalweni ngasinye.

        13. Ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wokuqapha wezikole zomculo wezingane. Ithrekhi  ezigabeni zokuqala, izikhathi ezintsha ekuboneni izingane ngomculo, ubuciko, kanye nokukhomba izimpawu   izimo zengqondo ezinhle nezingezinhle ngokufunda.

        14. Thuthukisa kakhulu umsebenzi wokugcina ukuthula womculo. Izinga eliphakeme lomculo we-apolitical, ithimba lawo elihlobene  ezithakazelweni zezombangazwe zababusi bomhlaba zisebenza njengesisekelo esihle sokunqoba ukulwa embulungeni yonke. Sikholelwa ukuthi ngokushesha noma kamuva, ngezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma  izinhlekelele, isintu sizobona ukuthembela komunye nomunye kwabo bonke abantu emhlabeni. Indlela yamanje yokuthuthuka komuntu izoshona phansi. Futhi wonke umuntu uzoqonda  incazelo engokomfanekiso ye "butterfly effect", eyakhiwe  U-Edward Lorenz, isazi sezibalo saseMelika, umdali  i-chaos theory. Wayekholelwa ukuthi bonke abantu bancike komunye nomunye. Akekho uhulumeni  imingcele ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa izwe elilodwa  ukuphepha ezinsongweni zangaphandle (ezempi, ezemvelo…).  NgokukaLorenz, izenzakalo ezibonakala zingabalulekile engxenyeni ethile yomhlaba, “njengomoya omncane” ovela ekubhakuthelweni kwamaphiko ovemvane ndawana thize eBrazil, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ziyonikeza umfutho.  njenge-avalanche  izinqubo ezizoholela "esiphepho" eTexas. Ikhambi liyazisikisela: bonke abantu emhlabeni bawumndeni owodwa. Isimo esibalulekile enhlalakahleni yakhe ukuthula nokuqondana. Umculo (awugcini nje ngokukhuthaza impilo yomuntu ngamunye), kodwa futhi  ithuluzi elithambile lokwakha ubudlelwano obuvumelanayo bamazwe ngamazwe.

     Cabangela ukutuseka kokunikeza i-Club of Rome umbiko ngesihloko esithi: “Umculo njengebhuloho phakathi kwamazwe nempucuko.”

        15. Umculo ungaba inkundla yemvelo yokuvumelanisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezenhlalakahle. Umkhakha wezobuntu usabela kakhulu endleleni ebucayi yokuziphatha kanye neyokuziphatha ekuxazululeni izinkinga zayo. Kungakho isiko nomculo kungaba yithuluzi elamukelekayo kuphela, kodwa futhi umbandela oyinhloko weqiniso levector yoshintsho.  engxoxweni yosizo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

        Umculo “ungumgxeki” “okhomba” into engathandeki ngokuqondile, hhayi ngokuqondile, kodwa ngokungaqondile, “kusukela kokuphambene” (njengakwizibalo, ubufakazi “ngokuphikisana”; lat. “Contradictio in contrarium”).  Umhlaziyi wamasiko waseMelika u-Edmund B. Feldman waphawula lesi sici somculo: “Singabubona kanjani ububi uma singabazi ubuhle?”

         16. Ukwakha ubudlelwano obuseduze nozakwethu phesheya. Shintshanisa isipiliyoni nabo, dala amaphrojekthi ahlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, imidlalo ye-orchestra engase isungulwe abaculi bazo zonke izinkolo ezinkulu zomhlaba ingaba nomsindo futhi ibe usizo. Kungase kubizwe ngokuthi “umlaza” noma “umlaza”  izinkolo.”  Amakhonsathi ale orchestra azodingeka  emicimbini yamazwe ngamazwe enikelwe enkumbulweni yezisulu zamaphekula, imicimbi ehlelwa yi-UNESCO, nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana nakumapulatifomu ahlukahlukene.  Umsebenzi obalulekile wale nhlangano kungaba ukukhuthaza imibono yokuthula, ukubekezelelana, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, mhlawumbe, imibono ye-ecumenism kanye nokuhlangana kwezinkolo.

          17.  Umqondo wokushintshana kwabasebenzi bokufundisa emhlabeni wonke ngokuzungeza futhi ngisho unomphela uyaphila futhi uyaphila. Kungaba okufanelekile ukudweba izifaniso zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhulwini le-18 eYurophu naseRussia kwaduma ngokufuduka kongqondongqondo. Asikhumbule okungenani iqiniso lokuthi  Isikole sokuqala somculo eRussia eKremenchug (yakhiwe  ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, elifana ne-conservatory) laliholwa umqambi nombhidisi wase-Italy u-Giuseppe Sarti, owasebenza ezweni lakithi cishe iminyaka eyi-XNUMX. Nabafowabo bakaCarzelli  wavula izikole zomculo eMoscow, kuhlanganise nesikole sokuqala somculo eRussia se-serfs (1783).

          18. Indalo kwelinye lamadolobha aseRussia  ingqalasizinda yokubamba umncintiswano waminyaka yonke wamazwe ngamazwe wabadlali abasha "Music of the Young World", ofana nomncintiswano wengoma ye-Eurovision.

          19. Ukwazi ukubona ikusasa lomculo. Ngezinhloso zokuthuthukiswa okuzinzile kwezwe nokugcina izinga eliphezulu lesiko lomculo wasekhaya, ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kufanele kukhokhwe ekuhleleni isikhathi eside senqubo yemfundo, kucatshangelwa izinguquko ezibikezelwe zezenhlalo nezomnotho nezombangazwe esikhathini esizayo. Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo "komqondo wemfundo ephakeme" kuzonciphisa umthelela omubi wezinsongo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zesiko laseRussia. Lungiselela ukuwa kwezibalo zabantu. Qondisa kabusha uhlelo lwezemfundo ngesikhathi esifanele ekwakhiweni kongoti “abanolwazi olunzulu ngobuhlakani”.

     20. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi   ithonya lenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni komculo we-classic, owazibonakalisa kakhulu ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, uzoqhubeka. Ukungena kobuhlakani bokwenziwa emkhakheni wezobuciko kuzoqina. Futhi nakuba umculo, ikakhulukazi umculo wakudala, “unokuvikeleka” okukhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokuqamba, abaqambi basazokwethulwa inselele “yobuhlakani” enzima. Kungenzeka ukuthi kulokhu kungqubuzana kuzovela  Umculo Wekusasa. Kuyoba khona indawo yokwenza lula kakhulu umculo othandwayo, nokusondeza umculo eduze nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, ukudala umculo wokuzijabulisa, kanye nodumo lwemfashini phezu komculo.  Kodwa kubathandi bobuciko abaningi, uthando lwabo ngomculo we-classic luyohlala. Futhi kuba intela emfashinini  hologor aph ice   ukuboniswa kwalokho “okwenzeka” eVienna ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18  amakhulu eminyaka  ikhonsathi yomculo we-symphonic eqhutshwa ngu-Beethoven!

      Kusukela emculweni wama-Etruscans kuya emisindweni yesimo esisha. Umgwaqo ungaphezu  iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu…

          Ikhasi elisha emlandweni womhlaba womculo livuleka phambi kwamehlo ethu. Kuyoba njani? Impendulo yalo mbuzo incike ezicini eziningi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke entandweni yezombangazwe ephezulu, isikhundla esisebenzayo se-elite yomculo kanye nokuzinikela ngokuzidela.  othisha bomculo.

Uhlu lwezincwadi ezisetshenzisiwe

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12. Amazinga Kazwelonke Wemfundo Yomculo. http://musicstandfoundation.org/images/National_Standarts_ _-_Music Education.pdf.

       13. Umbhalo woMthethosivivinywa mashi 7, 2002; 107th Congress 2d Session H.CON.RES.343: Ukuveza i                 umuzwa weNgqungquthela esekela Imfundo Yomculo Nomculo Enyangeni Yezikole Zethu; Indlu ka       Abameleli.

14.“Isizwe Esisengcupheni: Impoqo Yezinguquko Kwezemfundo”. I-National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education, US Department of Education, april 1983 https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/CUPM/ first_40 years/1983-Risk.pdf.

15. Elliot Eisner  “Iqhaza Lezobuciko Ekufundiseni Ingane Yonke, I-GIA Reader, vol12  I-N3 (Fall 2001) www/giarts.org/ article/Elliot-w- Eisner-role-arts-educating…

16. U-Liu Jing, inqubomgomo yoMbuso waseShayina emkhakheni wemfundo yomculo. Imfundo yomculo nezobuciko ngendlela yayo yesimanje: amasiko kanye nezinto ezintsha. Ukuqoqwa kwezinto zokwakha zeNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yesayensi Nokusebenza Yesikhungo SaseTaganrog esiqanjwe ngo-AP Chekhov (igatsha) le-Rostov State Economic University (RINH), eTaganrog, Ephreli 14, 2017.  Files.tgpi.ru/nauka/publictions/2017/2017_03.pdf.

17. Yang Bohua  Imfundo yomculo ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu eChina yanamuhla, www.dissercat.com/…/muzykalnoe...

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