I-Saxophone: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umlando, izinhlobo, umsindo, indlela yokudlala

I-saxophone ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngemvelaphi yasendulo, isencane kakhulu. Kodwa eminyakeni eyishumi nengxenye nje yokuba khona kwayo, umsindo othakazelayo, omlingo waleli thuluzi lomculo usuzuze abalandeli emhlabeni jikelele.

Iyini i-saxophone

I-saxophone ingeyeqembu lezinsimbi zomoya. I-Universal: ilungele ukudlala okukodwa, ama-duets, ingxenye yama-orchestra (kaningi - ithusi, kancane kancane - i-symphony). Isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-jazz, blues, futhi ithandwa ngabaculi be-pop.

Iselula ngobuchwepheshe, enamathuba amahle maqondana nokwenza imisebenzi yomculo. Izwakala inamandla, iveza imizwa, ine-timbre emnandi. Ububanzi bensimbi buhlukile, kuye ngohlobo lwe-saxophone (kunezingu-14 sezizonke, ezingu-8 ezisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo okwamanje).

I-saxophone yakhiwe kanjani

Ngaphandle, iyipayipi elide eligobile, elinwebeka libheke phansi. Izinto zokukhiqiza - ama-alloys ethusi ngokungezwa kwe-tin, zinc, nickel, ithusi.

Iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• "Eka". Ishubhu, etholakala phezulu kwensimbi, ifana nohlamvu lwesiLatini elithi “S” ngendlela egobile. Ekugcineni kunomlomo.
• Uhlaka. Iqondile noma igobile. Inezinkinobho eziningi, izimbobo, amashubhu, ama-valve adingekayo ukuze kukhishwe imisindo yokuphakama okufunayo. Isamba senani lalezi zisetshenziswa liyahluka kuye ngemodeli ye-saxophone, kusukela ku-19 kuya ku-25.
• Icilongo. Ingxenye evuthayo ekugcineni kwe-saxophone.

Ngaphezu kwezakhi eziyinhloko, izakhi ezibalulekile yilezi:

• I-mouthpiece: ingxenye yenziwe nge-ebonite noma insimbi. Inomumo ohlukile, usayizi, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lomculo okudingeka uwudlale.
• I-Ligature: ngezinye izikhathi insimbi, isikhumba. Isetshenziselwa ukubopha induku. Nge-clamp eqinile, umsindo unembile, nobuthakathaka - ukufiphala, ukudlidliza. Inketho yokuqala inhle ekwenzeni izingcezu zakudala, okwesibili - i-jazz.
• Umhlanga: Ukhuni noma ipulasitiki exhunywe emlonyeni nge-ligature. Iza ngosayizi abahlukene kuye ngemisebenzi eyabelwe yona. Unomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza umsindo. I-saxophone yokhuni ibizwa ngenxa yomhlanga owenziwe ngokhuni.

Umlando wokudala

Umlando we-saxophone uxhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa negama lenkosi yaseBelgium u-Adolphe Sax. Lo msunguli onethalente unguyise walo lonke iqembu lezinsimbi, kodwa wanquma ukunikeza i-saxophone igama elithi consonant nesibongo sakhe. Yiqiniso, hhayi ngokushesha - ekuqaleni umsunguli wanikeza ithuluzi igama elithi "mouthpiece ophicleid".

U-Adolphe Sax wahlola i-ophicleide, i-clarinet. Ehlanganisa umlomo we-clarinet nomzimba we-ophicleid, wakhiqiza imisindo engavamile ngokuphelele. Umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa umklamo waqedwa ngo-1842 - insimbi yomculo entsha ngokuyisisekelo yabona ukukhanya. Ihlanganise izakhi ze-oboe, i-clarinet, ukusungulwa okusha kwakuyisimo somzimba ogobile ngesimo sencwadi ethi S. Umdali wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungulwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-4. Ngo-1987, kwavulwa isikole sokuqala sama-saxophonists.

I-timbre engavamile ye-saxophone yathinta abaqambi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Intsha yafakwa ngokushesha ekuqanjweni kwe-orchestra ye-symphony, imisebenzi yomculo yavela ngokushesha, iphakamisa izingxenye zama-saxophone. Umqambi wokuqala owambhalela umculo wayengumngane omkhulu ka-A. Saks, G. Berlioz.

Amathemba aqhakazile asongelwa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Amanye amazwe akuvimbile ukudlalwa kwama-saxophone, okukhona kuwo i-USSR, iJalimane lamaNazi. Ithuluzi lasatshalaliswa ngokuyimfihlo, lalibiza kakhulu.

Ngenkathi eYurophu kwaba nokwehla okukhulu kwesithakazelo ekusungulweni kwe-A. Sachs, ngakolunye uhlangothi loMhlaba, e-USA, kwachuma. I-saxophone yathola ukuthandwa okukhethekile ngemfashini ye-jazz. Waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "inkosi ye-jazz", bazama ukwenza i-Play yonke indawo.

Maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, ithuluzi labuyela ngokunqoba ezweni lakubo, laphinde lathola izikhundla zalo zangaphambili. Abaqambi baseSoviet (S. Rachmaninov, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian), belandela umhlaba wonke, baqala ukwaba izingxenye ze-saxophone emisebenzini yabo ebhaliwe.

Namuhla, i-saxophone ingenye yezinsimbi eziyishumi ezithandwa kakhulu, inabalandeli emhlabeni wonke, futhi isetshenziswa abaculi bezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kumculo we-classical kuya kumculo we-rock.

Izinhlobo zama-saxophones

Izinhlobo zama-saxophones zihlukile:

• usayizi;
• i-timbre;
• ukwakheka;
• ukuphakama komsindo.

A. Sachs ukwazile ukusungula izinhlobo zamathuluzi eziyi-14, namuhla eziyisi-8 zisadingeka:

1. Sopranino, sopranissimo. Ama-saxophone amancane akwazi ukwenza imisindo ephakeme kakhulu. I-timbre ikhanya, imnandi, ithambile. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha okuhle kakhulu kwezingoma zomculo. Zinesakhiwo somzimba esiqondile, ngaphandle kokugoba phansi, phezulu.
2. I-Soprano. Ukwakheka komzimba okuqondile, okugobile kungenzeka. Isisindo, ubukhulu - okuncane, imisindo ehlabayo, ephezulu. Ububanzi bohlelo lokusebenza ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yakudala, yomculo we-pop.
3. Alto. Ihlangene, usayizi omaphakathi, inomshini wekhibhodi olula. I-timbre ecebile yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba yedwa. Inconyelwe abasaqalayo abafisa ukufunda i-Play. Idume ngochwepheshe.
4. I-Tenor. Kuzwakala kuphansi kune-viola, kunzima kakhulu "ukushaya". Ubukhulu buyamangalisa, isisindo sihloniphekile. Kuhileleke ochwepheshe: ukusebenza kwe-solo okungenzeka, ukuhambisana. Isicelo: academic, umculo we-pop, amaqembu ezempi.
5. I-Baritone. Kubukeka kuhlaba umxhwele: umzimba ugobile kakhulu, ucishe uphindwe kabili ngobunkimbinkimbi. Umsindo uphansi, unamandla, ujulile. Imisindo ehlanzekile iyabonakala uma kusetshenziswa irejista ephansi, ephakathi. Irejista engenhla idlala amanothi ngokuhosha. Iyingxenye yesigaba samathuluzi adingekayo kumabhendi ezempi.
6. Bass, contrabass. Amamodeli anamandla, asindayo. Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa, zidinga izinga eliphezulu lokulungiselela, ukuphefumula okuthuthukisiwe. Idivayisi ifana ne-baritone - umzimba ogobile ngokwedlulele, indlela yekhibhodi eyinkimbinkimbi. Umsindo uphansi kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zigaba, ama-saxophones:

• umfundi;
• ochwepheshe.

Indlela ye-Saxophone

Akulula ukwenza kahle ithuluzi: uzodinga umsebenzi we-filigree wolimi, ukuphefumula okuqeqeshiwe, iminwe esheshayo, kanye nezisetshenziswa zezindebe eziguquguqukayo.

Amasu asetshenziswa abaculi besimanje ngesikhathi sokudlala ahlukahlukene. Okudume kakhulu yilezi:

• i-glissando - ukushintshashintsha kusuka kumsindo kuya kumsindo;
• i-vibrato - yenza umsindo "uphile", ngokomzwelo;
• i-staccato - ukusebenza kwemisindo kungazelelwe, isuka komunye nomunye;
• i-legeto - ukugcizelelwa kumsindo wokuqala, ukuguqulwa okubushelelezi kokunye, okwenziwa ngomoya owodwa;
• ama-trills, i-tremolo - ukushintshanisa okuphindaphindiwe okusheshayo kwemisindo emi-2.

Ukukhetha i-Saxophone

Ithuluzi libiza kakhulu, ukukhetha imodeli, udinga ukunaka amaphuzu alandelayo:

• Izisetshenziswa. Ngokungeziwe kuthuluzi, isethi ihlanganisa ikesi, umlomo, i-ligature, umhlanga, i-lubricant, i-gaitan, nendwangu ekhethekile yokusula.
• umsindo. Umsindo wensimbi uzocacisa ukuthi lo modeli usezingeni eliphezulu kangakanani. Kunconywa ukuhlola umsindo werejista ngayinye, ukuhamba kwama-valve, ukulingana kwe-timbre.
• Inhloso yokuthenga. Akuwenzi umqondo ukuthi abaculi abasafufusa bathenge insimbi esezingeni eliphezulu, ebizayo. Amamodeli wabafundi kulula ukuwasebenzisa, ashibhile.

Ukunakekela Ithuluzi

Ithuluzi lizohlala isikhathi eside ngokunakekelwa okufanele. Ezinye izinqubo kufanele zenziwe ngaphambi kokuqala kwamakilasi, ezinye ngemva kokuphela kwe-Play.

Ukhokho "ku-esque" uphathwa ngamafutha ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-Play.

Ngemuva kwamakilasi, qiniseka ukuthi ususa i-condensate ngokusula ithuluzi ngezindwangu ezimuncayo (ngaphakathi, ngaphandle). Baphinde bageze, basule umlomo, umhlanga. Ukusuka ngaphakathi, icala lisulwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile, izindlela ezithuthukisiwe (ibhulashi, intambo enomthwalo).

Kuyadingeka ukuphatha izindlela zamathuluzi ngamafutha akhethekile okwenziwa. Kwanele ukwenza inqubo kanye njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.

Ama-saxophonists amahle kakhulu

Ama-saxophonists anekhono abhala amagama abo emlandweni womculo. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX, isikhathi sokuvela kwensimbi, yanikeza umhlaba abadlali abalandelayo:

• kanye noMurmana;
• Edouard Lefebvre;
• Louis Maier.

Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX kwakuyindawo ephakeme yabadlali ababili abadume kakhulu be-virtuoso - uSigurd Rascher noMarcel Muhl.

Kucatshangelwa ama-jazzmen avelele ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule:

• Ku-Lester Young;
• UCharlie Parker;
• Colemana Hawkins;
• UJohn Coltrane.