Trombone: kuyini, ukwakheka insimbi, umsindo, umlando, izinhlobo

Phakathi nokuvubukulwa kwemivubukulo yasePompeii, eyangcwatshwa ngaphansi komlotha wentaba-mlilo iVesuvius ngo-79 BC, izazi-mlando zathola amacilongo ethusi anemilomo yegolide epakishwe ngokucophelela emakesini. Kukholakala ukuthi le nsimbi yomculo yandulela i-trombone. Igama elithi "Trombone" lihunyushwa lisuselwa ku-Italian ngokuthi "ipayipi elikhulu", futhi ukwakheka kokutholwa kwasendulo kufana nensimbi yomculo yethusi yesimanje.

Yini i-trombone

Ayikho i-orchestra ye-symphony engakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle komsindo onamandla, osetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izikhathi ezibuhlungu, imizwa ejulile, ukuthinta okudangele. Lo msebenzi ngokuvamile wenziwa i-trombone. Kungokweqembu lamarejista e-copper embouchure bass-tenor. Ishubhu yamathuluzi yinde, igobile, ikhula kusokhethi. Umndeni umelelwa izinhlobo eziningana. I-tenor trombone isetshenziswa kakhulu emculweni wesimanje. I-Alto nama-bass asetshenziswa kakhulu.

Idivayisi yethuluzi

Umehluko omkhulu kwabanye abameleli beqembu lomoya wethusi yimishini yecala eline-backstage. Leli ishubhu eligobile elikuvumela ukuthi ushintshe umthamo womoya. Ngakho, umculi angakwazi ukukhipha imisindo yesikali se-chromatic. Isakhiwo esikhethekile senza ithuluzi libe lobuchwepheshe kakhulu, livula amathuba oshintsho olubushelelezi ukusuka kunothi kuya kunothi, ukusebenza kwama-chromatises ne-glissando. Ecilongo, uphondo, i-tuba, amaphiko ashintshwa ama-valve.

Umsindo ukhiqizwa ngokuphoqelela umoya ngombhobho omise okwenkomishi oshuthekwa ecilongo. Isilinganiso sangemuva singaba ngosayizi ofanayo noma ohlukene. Uma ububanzi bawo womabili amashubhu bufana, khona-ke i-trombone ibizwa ngepayipi elilodwa. Ngobubanzi besilinganiso esihlukile, imodeli izobizwa ngokuthi i-gauge emibili.

Izwakala kanjani i-trombone?

Insimbi izwakala inamandla, ikhanya, imema. Ububanzi bungaphakathi kwe-octave ethi “G” ukuya ku-“F” ye-octave yesibili. Lapho kukhona i-counter-valve, igebe phakathi kwe-"b-flat" ye-counteroctave kanye ne-"mi" ye-octave enkulu igcwele. Ukungabikho kwe-elementi eyengeziwe akufaki ukukhiqizwa komsindo walo mugqa, obizwa ngokuthi “indawo efile”.

Emarejista aphakathi nangaphezulu, i-trombone izwakala igqamile, igcwele, ngaphansi - imnyama, iyaphazamisa, ithusa. Insimbi inekhono eliyingqayizivele lokutshuza isuka komunye umsindo iye komunye. Abanye abameleli beqembu lomoya wethusi abanaso isici esinjalo. Isilayidi somsindo sinikezwa i-rocker. Inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "glissando".

Ukuvala umsindo, kuvame ukusetshenziswa isimungulu. Lona umbhobho omise okwepheya okuvumela ukuthi uguqule umsindo we-timbre, uvale ukuqina komsindo, wengeze izinhlobonhlobo ngemisindo ehlukile.

Umlando wetrombone

Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwavela amapayipi e-rocker emakwayeni esonto laseYurophu. Umsindo wabo wawufana nezwi lomuntu, ngenxa yeshubhu ehambayo, umenzi wayekwazi ukukhipha isikali se-chromatic, elingisa izici ze-timbre zokucula kwesonto. Izinsimbi ezinjalo zaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-sakbuts, okusho “ukusunduza ngaphambi kwakho.”

Ngemva kokusinda ekuthuthukisweni okuncane, ama-sakbuts aqala ukusetshenziswa kuma-orchestra. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, i-trombone yaqhubeka isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi emasontweni. Umsindo wakhe wawuphindaphinda kahle amazwi ahlabelelayo. Umsindo odangele wensimbi obhalwe phansi wawumuhle kakhulu emikhosini yomngcwabo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaqambi abasha badonsela ukunaka emsindweni we-rocker pipe. U-Mozart omkhulu, u-Beethoven, u-Gluck, u-Wagner wasebenzisa kuma-opera ukuze agxilise ukunaka komlaleli eziqephuni ezimangalisayo. Futhi u-Mozart ku-"Requiem" waze waphathisa i-trombone solo. UWagner wayisebenzisa ukuze adlulisele izingoma zothando.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, abadlali be-jazz badonsele ukunaka leli thuluzi. Enkathini ye-Dixieland, abaculi baqaphela ukuthi i-trombone iyakwazi ukudala kokubili ukuthuthukiswa kwe-solo kanye nezingoma zomculo. Amabhendi e-jazz avakashayo alethe icilongo le-scotch e-Latin America, lapho efike waba umculi ohamba yedwa we-jazz.

izinhlobo

Umndeni we-trombone uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana. Insimbi ye-tenor iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu. Izici zokuklama zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa abanye abameleli beqembu:

• i-alto;
• ibhesi;
• i-soprano;
• ibhesi.

Ezimbili zokugcina cishe azinamsebenzi. UMozart waba ngowokugcina ukusebenzisa icilongo le-soprano rocker eMiseni e-C-dur.

I-Bass ne-tenor trombones akushuni ofanayo. Umehluko kuphela esikalini esibanzi sesokuqala. Umehluko ungama-intshi angu-16. Idivayisi ye-bass uzakwethu ihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwama-valve amabili. Zikuvumela ukuthi wehlise umsindo ngokwesine noma uwuphakamise ngeyesihlanu. Izakhiwo ezizimele zinamathuba amaningi.

I-Tenor trombones, nayo, ingaba nomehluko kububanzi besikali. Ububanzi obuncane kunabo bonke babanesikali esincane bungaphansi kwamamilimitha ayi-12,7. Umehluko ngosayizi uvumela ukusetshenziswa kwemivimbo ehlukene, inquma ukuhamba kobuchwepheshe bensimbi.

Amacilongo e-Tenor scotch anomsindo ogqamile, inqwaba yomsindo, futhi afanele ukudlala izingxenye eziyedwa. Bayakwazi ukushintsha i-al noma i-bass ku-orchestra. Ngakho-ke, yizona ezivame kakhulu emasikweni omculo wesimanje.

Indlela ye-Trombone

Ukudlala icilongo le-rocker kufundiswa ezikoleni zomculo, amakolishi nama-conservatories. Umculi ubamba insimbi emlonyeni ngesandla sakhe sobunxele, unyakazisa amaphiko kwesokudla. Ubude bekholomu yomoya buyahlukahluka ngokuhambisa ithubhu nokushintsha indawo yezindebe.

I-backstage ingatholakala ezindaweni eziyisi-7. Ngayinye ihluke kwelandelayo ngethoni ewuhhafu. Okokuqala, ihlehliswa ngokuphelele; kweyesikhombisa, inwetshiwe ngokugcwele. Uma i-trombone ifakwe umqhele owengeziwe, khona-ke umculi unethuba lokwehlisa sonke isikali ngesine. Kulokhu, isithupha sesandla sobunxele sisetshenziswa, esicindezela i-valve yekota.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, indlela ye-glissando yayisetshenziswa kabanzi. Umsindo utholakala ngokukhipha umsindo okuqhubekayo, lapho umenzi enyakazisa isiteji ngokushelela.

Ama-trombonist amahle kakhulu

Abamele umndeni wakwaNeuschel bangabokuqala be-virtuosos yokudlala ipayipi le-rocker. Amalungu obukhosi awazange abe nomyalo omuhle kakhulu wethuluzi, kodwa futhi avule i-workshop yawo yokukhiqiza. Wayedume kakhulu phakathi kwemindeni yasebukhosini yaseYurophu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX-XNUMX.

Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-trombonist avelele ngokwesiko akhiqiza izikole zomculo zesiFulentshi nesiJalimane. Lapho bethweswa iziqu kuma-French conservatories, abaqambi besikhathi esizayo kudingeka bathumele izingoma ezimbalwa ze-trombone. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo laqoshwa ngo-2012. Khona-ke eWashington, ama-trombonist angu-360 ngesikhathi esisodwa adlala enkundleni ye-baseball.

Phakathi kwama-virtuosos asekhaya kanye nochwepheshe bensimbi, i-AN Morozov. Ngama-70s wayeyi-soloist ehamba phambili ku-orchestra ye-Bolshoi Theatre futhi wahlanganyela ngokuphindaphindiwe ejajini lemincintiswano ye-trombonist yamazwe ngamazwe.

Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, umdlali ongcono kakhulu eSoviet Union kwaba VS Nazarov. Wahlanganyela ngokuphindaphindiwe emikhosini yamazwe ngamazwe, waba umnqobi wemincintiswano yamazwe ngamazwe, wayengumculi ohamba phambili we-orchestra ka-Oleg Lundstrem.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi selokhu yaqalwa, i-trombone ayikashintshi ngokwesakhiwo, okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa amakhono ayo. Namuhla, ngaphandle kwaleli thuluzi, umsindo ogcwele we-symphonic, pop kanye ne-jazz orchestra akunakwenzeka.