Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya |

Ksenia Derzhinskaya

Ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, ezinsukwini zika-June ka-1951 ezikude, uKsenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya washona. I-Derzhinskaya ingeyomthala ogqamile wabahlabeleli baseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, ubuciko babo ngokombono wanamuhla bubonakala ngathi buyindinganiso. Umculi Wabantu wase-USSR, owathola uMklomelo kaStalin, umculi we-Bolshoi Theatre iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, uprofesa e-Moscow Conservatory, umnikazi wama-oda aphakeme kakhulu eSoviet - ungathola ulwazi olufushane ngaye kunoma iyiphi incwadi yasekhaya ye-encyclopedic reference. , izihloko kanye nezindatshana zabhalwa ngobuciko bakhe eminyakeni edlule, futhi okokuqala, ukufaneleka kulokhu kungokwesazi somculo esidumile saseSoviet u-EA Grosheva, kodwa empeleni leli gama likhohliwe namuhla.

Ekhuluma ngobukhulu bangaphambili beBolshoi, sivame ukukhumbula abantu abadala besikhathi sakhe - uChaliapin, uSobinov, uNezhdanova, noma ontanga, ubuciko babo bathandwa kakhulu eminyakeni yamaSoviet - u-Obukhova, uKozlovsky, uLemeshev, uBarsova, uPirogovs, uMikhailov. Izizathu zalokhu cishe ziyi-oda elihluke kakhulu: uDerzhinskaya wayengumculi wesitayela esiqinile semfundo, cishe akazange acule umculo wamaSoviet, izingoma zomdabu noma zothando zakudala, wayengavamile ukwenza emsakazweni noma ehholo lekhonsathi, nakuba ayevame ukucula. wayedume ngomhumushi wakhe ocashile womculo we-chamber, egxile kakhulu emsebenzini we-opera house, washiya amarekhodi ambalwa. Ubuciko bakhe babuhlale busezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, buhlakaniphile, mhlawumbe bungaqondakali ngaso sonke isikhathi kubantu besikhathi sakhe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bulula futhi bunomusa. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi zizathu zingaba nenjongo kangakanani, kubonakala sengathi ukukhohlwa ubuciko benkosi enjalo ngeke kubizwe ngokufanelekile: iRussia ngokwesiko inothile ngamabhesi, yanikeza umhlaba ama-mezzo-soprano amaningi avelele nama-coloratura sopranos, futhi abaculi bohlelo olumangalisayo esikalini seDerzhinsky emlandweni waseRussia hhayi izingoma ezingaka. "I-Golden Soprano yase-Bolshoi Theatre" kwakuyigama elanikezwa u-Ksenia Derzhinskaya abantu abashisekayo bethalente lakhe. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sikhumbula umculi ovelele waseRussia, ubuciko bakhe obudlulele esigabeni esikhulu sezwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.

U-Derzhinskaya wafika kwezobuciko baseRussia ngesikhathi esinzima, esibucayi kuye kanye nesiphetho sezwe lonke. Mhlawumbe yonke indlela yakhe yokudala yawela esikhathini lapho impilo yeBolshoi Theatre kanye nempilo yaseRussia, ngokungangabazeki, ethonya omunye nomunye, yahlala, njengokungathi, izithombe ezivela emazweni ahluke ngokuphelele. Lapho eqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomculi, futhi uDerzhinskaya wenza i-debut yakhe ngo-1913 ku-opera ye-Sergievsky People's House (efika eBolshoi eminyakeni emibili kamuva), iRussia yayiphila impilo enzima yomuntu ogula kakhulu. Leso siphepho esikhulu somhlaba wonke sase sisondele. I-Bolshoi Theatre ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwenguquko, ngokuphambene nalokho, yayiyithempeli lobuciko ngempela - ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokubusa kwe-repertoire yezinga lesibili, isiqondiso esiphaphathekile kanye ne-scenography, amazwi abuthakathaka, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 le colossus yashintsha yadlula ukuqashelwa, yaqala ukuphila impilo entsha, yabenyezela ngemibala emisha, ibonisa umhlaba amasampula amangalisayo endalo ephelele kakhulu. Isikole samazwi saseRussia, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kumuntu wezingoma ezihamba phambili zeBolshoi, safinyelela ukuphakama okungakaze kube khona, esiteji semidlalo yaseshashalazini, ngaphezu kweChaliapin eshiwo kakade, uSobinov noNezhdanova, uDeisha-Sionitskaya noSalina, U-Smirnov no-Alchevsky, u-Baklanov noBonachich, u-Yermolenko-Yuzhina bakhanya futhi Balanovskaya. Kwakukhona ethempelini elinjalo lapho umculi osemusha wafika ngo-1915 ukuze axhumane naye phakade isiphetho sakhe futhi athathe isikhundla esiphezulu kulo.

Ukungena kwakhe empilweni yeBolshoi kwakushesha: njengoba eqale esiteji sakhe njengo-Yaroslavna, kakade ngesizini yokuqala wahlabelela ingxenye yengonyama ye-repertoire ehamba phambili ehamba phambili, wabamba iqhaza ku-premiere ye-The Enchantress, eyavuselelwa ngemuva komdlalo. isikhathi eside, futhi kamuva wakhethwa uChaliapin omkhulu, owadlala okokuqala eBolshoi Verdi "Don Carlos" futhi ehlabelela kulo mdlalo weNkosi uFiliphu, ohlangothini luka-Elizabeth waseValois.

U-Derzhinskaya waqala ukufika endaweni yaseshashalazini njengomculi endimeni yecebo lokuqala, nakuba wayenesizini eyodwa kuphela ngemuva kwakhe ku-entreprise ye-opera. Kodwa ikhono lakhe lezwi kanye nethalente elivelele lesiteji ngokushesha limbeka phakathi kwabokuqala nabangcono kakhulu. Ngemva kokuthola konke kusukela yaseshashalazini ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe - izingxenye zokuqala, repertoire ongakhetha kuzo, umqhubi - ubaba ongokomoya, umngane kanye umeluleki Vyacheslav Ivanovich Suk - Derzhinskaya wahlala ethembekile kuye kwaze kwaba sekupheleni. lezinsuku zakhe. I-impresario yezindlu ezinhle kakhulu ze-opera emhlabeni, kuhlanganise ne-New York Metropolitan, i-Paris Grand Opera ne-Berlin State Opera, ayizange iphumelele ukuthola umculi okungenani isizini eyodwa. Kuphela kanye uDerzhinskaya washintsha umthetho wakhe, wenza ngo-1926 esiteji se-Opera yaseParis kwenye yezindima zakhe ezinhle kakhulu - ingxenye ye-Fevronia eyenziwa ngu-Emil Cooper. Ukudlala kwakhe kuphela kwamanye amazwe kwaba impumelelo emangalisayo - ku-opera kaRimsky-Korsakov, engaziwa kumlaleli ongumFulentshi, umculi wabonisa wonke amakhono akhe okukhuluma, ekwazi ukudlulisela izethameli ezijabulisayo bonke ubuhle bobuciko bomculo womculo waseRussia, izimiso zayo zokuziphatha. , ukujula nokuqala. Amaphephandaba aseParis ayebabaza “ubuhle obumbambayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwezwi lakhe, ukufunda okuhle kakhulu, ukukhuluma kahle, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ugqozi adlala ngalo wonke umdlalo, futhi wakusebenzisa kangangokuthi ngenxa yezenzo ezine ukunaka kwakhe akuzange kunciphe. umzuzu.” Ingabe baningi abaculi baseRussia namuhla abathi, sebethole ukugxekwa okuhle kangaka kwelinye lamaculo omhlaba futhi benezipesheli ezilingayo ezivela ezindlini ezihamba phambili ze-opera emhlabeni, bangakwazi ukuhlala eNtshonalanga okungenani izinkathi ezimbalwa zonyaka. ? Kungani uDerzhinskaya enqaba zonke lezi ziphakamiso? Phela, ngonyaka wama-26, hhayi wama-37, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona izibonelo ezifanayo (isibonelo, umculi oyedwa we-Bolshoi Theatre Mezzo Faina Petrova wasebenza amasizini amathathu e-New York Metropolitan Theatre ngasekupheleni kwawo-20s). Kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngokungananazi. Nokho, ngokombono wethu, esinye sezizathu siwukuthi ubuciko Derzhinskaya kwaba ngokwemvelo ngokujulile kazwelonke: wayengumculi Russian futhi wakhetha ukuculela izethameli Russian. Kwakuse-repertoire yaseRussia lapho ithalenta lomculi lembulwa kakhulu, kwakuyizindima zama-opera aseRussia ezaziseduze kakhulu nombono wokudala womculi. U-Ksenia Derzhinskaya udale igalari yonke yezithombe zabesifazane baseRussia empilweni yakhe yokudala: uNatasha ku-Mermaid kaDargomyzhsky, iGorislava eRuslan kaGlinka noLyudmila, uMasha eDubrovsky kaNapravnik, uTamara ku-Rubinstein's The Demon, Yaroslavna e-Borodin's Prince Nastasya noMaria e-Kuma. Ama-opera kaTchaikovsky, Kupava, Militris, Fevronia noVera Sheloga kuma-opera kaRimsky-Korsakov. Lezi zindima zanqoba emsebenzini wasesiteji womculi. Kodwa indalo ephelele kakhulu yeDerzhinskaya, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi, yayiyingxenye kaLisa ku-opera kaTchaikovsky ethi The Queen of Spades.

Uthando lwe-repertoire yaseRussia kanye nempumelelo ehambisana nomculi kuyo ayiphazamisi ukufaneleka kwakhe ku-Western repertoire, lapho ezizwa emuhle ngezitayela ezahlukene - isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi. "I-omnivorousness" enjalo, kucatshangelwa ukunambitheka okubucayi, isiko eliphakeme kakhulu elalikhona kumdwebi, kanye nobuqotho bemvelo, likhuluma ngemvelo yendawo yonke yethalente lezwi lomculi. Isiteji saseMoscow namuhla sikhohlwe mayelana noWagner, okwenza iMariinsky Theatre ihole ekwakhiweni kwe "Russian Wagneriana", kuyilapho ngaphambi kwempi, ama-opera kaWagner ayevame ukudlalwa eBolshoi Theatre. Kule mikhiqizo, ithalenta likaDerzhinskaya njengomculi we-Wagnerian lavezwa ngendlela engavamile, owacula kuma-opera amahlanu yi-Bayreuth genius - Tannhäuser (ingxenye ka-Elizabeth), i-Nuremberg Mastersingers (u-Eva), i-Valkyrie (i-Brünnhilde), i-Lohengrin (i-Ortrud) , ukusebenza kwekhonsathi ye-“Tristan and Isolde” (Isolde). UDerzhinskaya wayengeyena iphayona "ekwenziweni kwabantu" kwamaqhawe aseWagnerian; ngaphambi kwakhe, uSobinov noNezhdanova base bebeke isiko elifanayo ngokufunda kwabo okuhlakaniphile kweLohengrin, abahlanza imfihlakalo eyeqile kanye nobuqhawe obuqhaqhazelayo, begcwalisa ngamazwi akhanyayo, aphefumulayo. Nokho, wadlulisela lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho ezingxenyeni zobuqhawe ze-opera ka-Wagner, okwaze kwaba yileso sikhathi abaculi ababehunyushwa ikakhulukazi ngomoya we-Teutonic ekahle ye-superman. Isiqalo esidumile nesinomculo - izakhi ezimbili, ezingafani nezinye, zaphumelela ngokulinganayo kumculi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakungama-opera kaRimsky-Korsakov noma kaWagner. Emaqhaweni e-Wagnerian eDerzhinskaya kwakungekho lutho olunamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu, okwesabekayo, okuzenzisa ngokweqile, okunesizotha nokupholisa umphefumulo: babephila - benothando futhi behlupheka, bezonda futhi belwa, becula futhi behloniphekile, ngegama, abantu kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. imizwa eyabahlulayo, etholakala kumaphuzu angafi.

Emiculweni yase-Italy, u-Derzhinskaya wayeyinkosi yangempela ye-bel canto emphakathini, noma kunjalo, akazange avumele ukutuswa okungafanele ngokwengqondo ngomsindo. Kumaqhawekazi e-Verdi, u-Aida wayesondelene kakhulu nomculi, angahlukananga naye cishe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe kokudala. Izwi lomculi lamvumela ngokuphelele ukuba acule izingxenye eziningi ze-repertoire emangalisayo ngemivimbo emikhulu, ngomoya wamasiko aqinile. Kodwa u-Derzhinskaya wayehlale ezama ukusuka kwengqondo yangaphakathi yezinto zomculo, okwakuvame ukuholela ekucabangeni kabusha kokuhumusha kwendabuko ngokukhululwa kwesiqalo somculo. Yile ndlela umdwebi axazulule ngayo "wakhe" u-Aida: ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukushuba kwezinkanuko eziqephukweni ezimangalisayo, nokho wagcizelela ingoma yengxenye yeqhawekazi lakhe, okwenza ukubonakaliswa kwayo kube amaphuzu okubhekisela ekuchazeni isithombe.

Kungashiwo okufanayo ngeTurandot kaPuccini, umculi wakhe wokuqala esiteji seBolshoi kwaba uDerzhinskaya (1931). Ukunqoba ngokukhululekile ubunzima be-tessitura yale ngxenye, egcwele i-Forte Fortissimo, u-Derzhinskaya nokho wazama ukuwadlulisela ngokufudumele, ikakhulukazi endaweni yesehlakalo sokuguqulwa kwenkosazana kusuka kumuntu oziqhenyayo abe isidalwa esinothando.

Ukuphila kwesiteji sikaDerzhinskaya e-Bolshoi Theatre kwakujabule. Umculi wayengazi izimbangi cishe kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, nakuba iqembu laseshashalazini ngaleyo minyaka lalihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amakhosi avelele. Kodwa-ke, asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngokuthula kwengqondo: ungqondongqondo waseRussia kumnkantsha wamathambo akhe, uDerzhinskaya wayeyinyama negazi lalelo zwe, elaqedwa ngokungenasihawu nguhulumeni omusha. Inhlalakahle yeCreative, eyabonakala ikakhulukazi enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi ngeminyaka yama-30s ngemuva kwezinxushunxushu zeminyaka yoguquko, lapho khona kanye ubukhona bemidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nohlobo okukhulunywa ngalo, lwenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sezehlakalo ezimbi ezenzeka endaweni. izwe. Ukucindezelwa akuzange kuthinte iBolshoi - uStalin wayethanda ishashalazi "yakhe" - nokho, akuzange kwenzeke ukuthi umculi we-opera wayesho lukhulu ngaleyo nkathi: lapho igama livinjelwe, kwakungenxa yokucula kwabo okuphelele ukuthi abaculi abahamba phambili IRussia yazwakalisa lonke usizi nosizi olwahlasela izwe lakubo, ithola impendulo ephilayo ezinhliziyweni zezilaleli.

Izwi likaDerzhinskaya laliyinsimbi ecashile futhi eyingqayizivele, egcwele ama-nuances kanye ne-chiaroscuro. Yakhiwa umculi ekuseni kakhulu, ngakho waqala izifundo zezwi ngesikhathi esafunda ejimini. Akuwona wonke ahamba kahle kule ndlela, kodwa ekugcineni uDerzhinskaya wathola uthisha wakhe, lapho athola khona isikole esihle kakhulu, esamvumela ukuba ahlale eyinkosi yezwi engenakuqhathaniswa iminyaka eminingi. U-Elena Teryan-Korganova, umculi odumile ngokwakhe, umfundi kaPauline Viardot noMatilda Marchesi, waba uthisha onjalo.

U-Derzhinskaya wayene-soprano enamandla, ekhanyayo, emsulwa futhi emnene ene-lyric-dramatic soprano ye-timbre enhle kakhulu, ngisho nakuwo wonke amarejista, enokukhanya, ukuphakama okundizayo, amanothi esifuba agxilile amangalisayo amaphakathi negazi eligcwele. Into ekhethekile yezwi lakhe kwakuwukuthamba kwalo okungavamile. Izwi lalilikhulu, limangalisa, kodwa liguquguquka, lingenakho ukuhamba, okwathi, kuhlanganiswe nohlu lwama-octave amabili nesigamu, kwavumela umculi ukuba enze ngempumelelo (futhi ngobuhlakani kulokho) izingxenye ze-lyric-coloratura (isibonelo, i-Marguerite in Gounod's Faust). Umculi wayekwazi kahle indlela yokucula, ngakho-ke ezingxenyeni ezinzima kakhulu, ezidinga ukwanda kwe-sonority nokukhuluma, noma ngisho nokukhuthazela ngokomzimba - njengeBrunhilde noma iTurandot - akazange ahlangabezane nobunzima. Okwakujabulisa kakhulu kwakuyi-legato yomculi, esekelwe ekuphefumuleni okuyisisekelo, isikhathi eside ngisho, nengoma ebanzi, emsulwa yesiRashiya, kanye nokuncipha okungenakuqhathaniswa nopiyano kumanothi aphakeme kakhulu - lapha umculi ubeyingcweti engenakuqhathaniswa. Enezwi elinamandla, uDerzhinskaya ngokwemvelo wahlala engumculi ohlakaniphile futhi ophefumulayo, okuyinto, njengoba sesiphawulile kakade, yamvumela ukuba enze i-repertoire yekamelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlangothi lwethalente lomculi luphinde lwabonakala ekuqaleni - kwakuvela ekhonsathini yekamelo ngo-1911 lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokucula waqala khona: wabe esedlala ekhonsathini yomlobi weRachmaninov nezothando zakhe. UDerzhinskaya wayengumhumushi ozwelayo nowasekuqaleni wezinhlamvu zothando zikaTchaikovsky noRimsky-Korsakov, abaqambi ababili abasondelene kakhulu naye.

Ngemva kokushiya i-Bolshoi Theatre ngo-1948, uKsenia Georgievna wafundisa eMoscow Conservatory, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside: isiphetho samvumela ukuba ahambe iminyaka engu-62 kuphela. Washona ngosuku lwesikhumbuzo semidlalo yeshashalazi yakhe yomdabu ngo-1951 - unyaka weminyaka engu-175 yasungulwa.

Ukubaluleka kobuciko bukaDerzhinskaya kusenkonzweni yakhe yaseshashalazini yakubo, izwe lakubo, ngokuzincisha injabulo nesizotha. Kukho konke ukubukeka kwakhe, kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe kukhona okuthile okuvela ku-Kitezhan Fevronia - kubuciko bakhe akukho lutho lwangaphandle, olushaqisayo umphakathi, konke kulula kakhulu, kucacile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokuncane. Kodwa-ke, yona - njengomthombo wentwasahlobo ongaguquki - ihlala incane kakhulu futhi ikhangayo.

A. Matusevich, 2001