Otto Klemperer |

Otto Klemperer

U-Otto Klemperer, omunye wezingcweti ezinkulu zokuqhuba ubuciko, waziwa kakhulu ezweni lakithi. Waqala ukudlala eSoviet Union maphakathi nawo-XNUMX.

“Lapho beqonda, noma kunalokho, bezwa ukuthi uKlemperer wayeyini, baqala ukuya kuye ngendlela yokuthi ihholo elikhulu lasePhilharmonic lalingeke lisakwazi ukuhlalisa wonke umuntu owayefuna ukulalela, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukubuka umqhubi odumile. Ukungamboni i-Klemperer ukuzincisha umthamo omkhulu wombono. Kusukela engena esteji, uKlemperer nguyena okhonya izethameli. Ulandela isenzo sakhe ngokukhulu ukucophelela. Indoda emi ngemuva kwekhonsoli engenalutho (amaphuzu asekhanda lakhe) kancane kancane ikhula futhi igcwalise ihholo lonke. Yonke into ihlangana ibe isenzo esisodwa sokudala, lapho wonke umuntu okhona ebonakala ebamba iqhaza. U-Klemperer ubamba amacala avamile abantu ngabanye ukuze akhiphe amandla angokwengqondo anqwabelene ngendlela enamandla, ehehayo futhi ethokozisayo yokudala engazi izithiyo... Kulokhu kuhlanganyela okungenakuvinjelwa kubuciko bakhe babo bonke abalaleli, belahlekelwa umugqa phakathi kwabo nomqhubi kanye ukukhuphuka kokuqwashisa ngezingoma zomculo ezinhle kakhulu, kuyimfihlo yaleyo mpumelelo enkulu u-Klemperer ayijabulela ngokufanele ezweni lakithi.

Yile ndlela omunye wabagxeki baseLeningrad abhala ngayo imibono yakhe yemihlangano yokuqala nomculi. La mazwi ahloselwe kahle angaqhutshekiselwa phambili ngamazwi omunye umbuyekezi owabhala eminyakeni efanayo: “Ithemba elihle, injabulo engavamile igcwele ubuciko bukaKlemperer. Ukusebenza kwakhe, okuphelele futhi okuhlakaniphile, bekulokhu kuphila umculo wokudala, ongenazo izimfundiso zesikole nezimfundiso. Ngesibindi esingavamile, u-Klemperer wabhekana nesimo sengqondo esiqondile nesiqinile ekukopishweni okuqondile kombhalo womculo, imiyalelo kanye namazwi ombhali. Kukangaki ukuhumusha kwakhe, kude nokujwayelekile, kubangele ukuphikisa nokungavumelani. I. U-Klemperer wayehlale ewina.”

Kwakunjalo futhi kusasele kuze kube namuhla ubuciko bukaKlemperer. Yikho lokhu okumenze wasondelana futhi wazwisiseka kubalaleli emhlabeni wonke, kungenxa yalokhu lapho umbhidisi athandwa kakhulu ezweni lakithi. "I-Klemperer Major" (incazelo enembile yomgxeki odumile uM. Sokolsky), ukuguqulwa okunamandla kobuciko bakhe bekulokhu kuhambisana nokushaya kwabantu abalwela ikusasa, abantu abasizwa ubuciko obukhulu ukwakha impilo entsha.

Ngenxa yalokhu kugxilwe kwethalente, u-Klemperer waba umhumushi ongenakuqhathaniswa womsebenzi kaBeethoven. Wonke umuntu ozwile ngokukhulu ugqozi nogqozi adala kabusha izakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo zama-symphonies ka-Beethoven uyaqonda ukuthi kungani kuhlale kubonakala kubalaleli ukuthi ithalente lika-Klemperer ladalelwa nje ukuhlanganisa imiqondo ka-Beethoven yobuntu. Futhi akubanga yize ukuthi omunye wabagxeki bamaNgisi wabiza isibuyekezo sakhe sekhonsathi elandelayo yombhidisi kanje: “Ludwig van Klemperer”.

Yiqiniso, u-Beethoven akayena kuphela oyinhloko ka-Klemperer. Amandla azenzakalelayo we-temperament kanye nesifiso esinamandla sinqoba incazelo yakhe yama-symphonies kaMahler, lapho futhi egcizelela khona isifiso sokukhanya, imibono yobuhle nobuzalwane babantu. Emdwebeni omkhulu ka-Klemperer, amakhasi amaningi angasoze abunake aphila ngendlela entsha, azi ngayo ukuphefumula ukusha okukhethekile. Ubukhulu bukaBach noHandel, injabulo yothando kaSchubert noSchumann, ukujula kwefilosofi kaBrahms noTchaikovsky, ubuhlakani bukaDebussy noStravinsky - konke lokhu kuthola kuye umhumushi oyingqayizivele futhi ophelele.

Futhi uma sikhumbula ukuthi u-Klemperer udlala ngentshiseko engaphansi kwe-opera house, enikeza izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu ze-opera ka-Mozart, u-Beethoven, u-Wagner, u-Bizet, khona-ke isikali kanye nama-horizons okudala angenamkhawulo womculi azocaca.

Yonke impilo kanye nendlela yokudala yomqhubi uyisibonelo sokuzidela, isevisi yobuciko ngokuzinikela. Uzalelwe eBreslau, indodana yomthengisi, wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala zomculo kunina, owayengumdlali wopiyano oyimfundamakhwela. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, le nsizwa yayizoba umdlali wopiyano, ngesikhathi esifanayo yafunda inkolelo yokuqamba. “Sonke lesi sikhathi,” kukhumbula uKlemperer, “ngangingazi ukuthi ngingase nginekhono lokuqhuba. Ngangena endleleni yomqhubi ngenxa yethuba lapho ngo-1906 ngihlangana noMax Reinhardt, owangithembisa ukuba ngiqhube imidlalo ye-Offenbach ethi Orpheus in Hell, ayesanda kuyidlala. Ngemva kokwamukela lesi sipho, ngokushesha ngazuza impumelelo enkulu kangangokuthi yadonsa ukunaka kukaGustav Mahler. Lesi kwaba inkathi yoshintsho ekuphileni kwami. UMahler wangeluleka ukuba ngizinikele ngokuphelele ekuqhubeni, futhi ngo-1907 wangitusa esikhundleni sokuba umbhidisi omkhulu we-Opera House yaseJalimane ePrague.

Ehamba ngaleso sikhathi ezindlini ze-opera eHamburg, eStrasbourg, eCologne, eBerlin, ehambela amazwe amaningi, uKlemperer waqashelwa njengomunye wabaqhubi abahamba phambili emhlabeni kakade eminyakeni engamashumi amabili. Igama lakhe laba isibhengezo lapho kwabuthana khona abaculi besimanje abahamba phambili kanye nabalandeli bamasiko amakhulu obuciko be-classical.

E-Kroll Theatre eBerlin, u-Klemperer akazange adlale imidlalo yakudala kuphela, kodwa futhi nemisebenzi eminingi emisha - iCardillac kaHindemith neNews of the Day, i-Oedipus Rex kaStravinsky, i-Prokofiev ethi The Love for Three Oranges nezinye.

Ukubusa kwamaNazi kwaphoqa uKlemperer ukuba ashiye iJalimane futhi azule iminyaka eminingi. E-Switzerland, e-Austria, e-USA, eCanada, eNingizimu Melika - yonke indawo amakhonsathi nemidlalo yakhe yayibanjwe ngokunqoba. Ngemva nje kokuphela kwempi, wabuyela eYurophu. Ekuqaleni, uKlemperer wasebenza eBudapest State Opera, lapho enza khona imisebenzi eminingi emihle yama-opera kaBeethoven, Wagner, Mozart, wabe esehlala eSwitzerland isikhathi eside, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje iLondon isiyindawo yakhe yokuhlala. Lapha wenza ngamakhonsathi, amarekhodi kumarekhodi, kusukela lapha wenza uhambo lwakhe lwekhonsathi futhi luseluningi impela.

UKlemperer uyindoda ezimisele nesibindi. Izikhathi eziningana ukugula okubi kwamkhipha esiteji. Ngo-1939, wahlinzwa ngenxa yesimila ebuchosheni futhi wacishe wafa uhlangothi, kodwa ngokuphambene nokucabanga kodokotela, wema ku-console. Kamuva, ngenxa yokuwa nokuphuka komgogodla, umdwebi waphinde wachitha izinyanga eziningi esibhedlela, kodwa waphinde wanqoba ukugula. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngesikhathi esemtholampilo, u-Klemperer wazumeka ngephutha elele embhedeni. Ugwayi owawa ezandleni zakhe washisa ingubo, ukhondakta washa kanzima. Futhi futhi, amandla nothando lobuciko kwamsiza ukuba abuyele ekuphileni, ekudaleni.

Iminyaka ishintshile ukubukeka kukaKlemperer. Ezikhathini zasendulo, wajabulisa izilaleli ne-orchestra ngokubukeka kwakhe nje. Isiqu sakhe esibabazekayo sasiphakeme ngaphezu kwehholo, nakuba umbhidisi engazange asebenzise itafula. Namuhla, u-Klemperer uqhuba ehlezi. Kodwa isikhathi asinawo amandla phezu kwethalente nekhono. “Ungaqhuba ngesandla esisodwa. Esikhathini esiningi, ungasho kuphela ngokubheka. Ngokuqondene nesihlalo - ngakho, Nkulunkulu wami, ngoba ku-opera bonke abaqhubi bahlala ngenkathi beqhuba! Akujwayelekile kangako ehholo lekhonsathi – yilokho kuphela,” kusho uKlemperer ngomoya ophansi.

Futhi njengenjwayelo, uyawina. Ngoba, ukulalela ukudlala kwe-orchestra ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, uyeka ukuqaphela isihlalo, nezandla ezibuhlungu, nobuso obushwabene. Kusele umculo kuphela, futhi usaphelele futhi uyakhuthaza.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, ngo-1969