Flute: kuyini, isakhiwo insimbi, umsindo, umlando imvelaphi, izinhlobo

Umtshingo ungenye yezinsimbi zomculo ezindala kakhulu eziye zaba nomthelela emasikweni amaningi omhlaba.

Yini umtshingo

Uhlobo - insimbi yomculo yokhuni, i-aerophone. Ingoweqembu le-woodwinds, ingeyesigaba sama-labials. Emculweni, isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo, kusukela ku-folklo kuya kwe-pop.

Igama lesiRashiya lensimbi livela egameni lesiLatini - "flauta".

Ukwakheka

Inguqulo yakudala inomzimba obude obuyi-cylindrical, ukhokho, isipontshi, umlomo, ama-valve kanye nendololwane engezansi. Imibala evame kakhulu insundu, isiliva, ibomvu emnyama.

Umtshingo omkhulu ubonakala ngekhanda eliqondile. Kumamodeli e-alto nawe-bass, kusetshenziswa eligobile. Izinto zokukhiqiza - ukhuni, isiliva, iplatinum, i-nickel. Uhlobo lwekhanda - cylindrical. Kwesokunxele kunokhokho obambe isenzo sensimbi.

Kukhona 2 imiklamo eyengeziwe:

• Emugqeni. Amavalvu atholakala kumugqa owodwa.
• offset. I-valve kasawoti itholakala ngokuhlukana.

ukuzwakala

Umtshingo udala umsindo lapho indiza yomoya idlula imbobo, edala ukundindizela. Ukusakazwa komoya oshaywayo kusebenza ngokomthetho kaBernoulli. Umculi ushintsha ububanzi bomsindo ngokuvula nokuvala izimbobo emzimbeni wensimbi. Lokhu kushintsha ubude be-resonator, okubonakala kubuningi bendawo ezwakalayo. Ngokulawula umfutho womoya, umculi angakwazi futhi ukushintsha ububanzi bomsindo ngomlomo owodwa.

Amamodeli avuliwe azwakala njenge-octave ephansi kunamamodeli avaliwe anosayizi ofanayo. Ibanga lomsindo wemodeli enkulu: H kuya ku-C4.

izinhlobo

Ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi zomculo, izinhlobo zomtshingo zihluka kakhulu kokubili ukwakheka nomsindo.

Imitshingo engenalo ikhwela inomklamo olula. Umculi uvuthela umoya emgodini owodwa, ophuma komunye ngomsindo. Umsindo ulawulwa ngamandla okuphefumula kanye nezimbobo zeminwe ezigqagqene. Isibonelo i-Indiana yendabuko. Ubude obujwayelekile be-kena buyi-25-70 cm. Isetshenziswa emsebenzini wabantu bomdabu baseNingizimu Melika. Ukwehluka okufanayo ngaphandle kwensiza yokushaya ikhwela i-Japanese bamboo shakuhachi kanye nomtshingo we-xiao wokhuni waseShayina.

Ama-aerophone asebenzisa ikhwelo akhiqiza umsindo ovela emgudwini womoya ngomshini okhethekile. Lo mshini ubizwa ngokuthi i-mouthpiece, umenzi ufutha kuwo. Isibonelo senguqulo yekhwelo irekhoda. I-block ifakwe engxenyeni yekhanda. Izimbobo ezingezansi ziphindwe kabili. Inothi lithathwa ngosizo lweminwe yemfoloko. Uhlamvu lomsindo alunamandla, amamodeli aphambene azwakala kakhulu.

Uhlobo olufanayo umtshingo. Okujwayelekile phakathi kwabantu baseSlavic. Ibonakala ngobubanzi bomsindo wama-octave angu-2. Ubude 30-35 cm. Izinsimbi zomculo zaseRussia ezihlobene: i-fife, i-pyzhatka, i-zhaleyka ephindwe kabili.

Umtshingo ophindwe kabili uyidizayini ebhanqiwe enedivayisi yokushaya ikhwela ekabili. Inguqulo ye-Belarusian ibizwa ngokuthi ipayipi le-pair. Ubude be-tube yokuqala buyi-330-250 mm, okwesibili - 270-390 mm. Uma idlala, ibanjwa i-engeli ukusuka kwenye.

Izinguqulo ezinemigqomo eminingi zibukeka njengochungechunge lwamashubhu ahlanganisiwe anobude obuhlukene. Umculi ngokushintshana ushaya amashubhu ahlukene, isiphetho sawo esizwakala ngetimbre ehlukile. Izibonelo: siringa, panflute, coogicles.

Umtshingo wesimanje wenziwe ngensimbi. Isici somsindo - soprano. Iphimbo liyashintshwa ngokushaywa nangokuvala nokuvula ama-valve. Kubhekiselwa kuma-aerophone aguquguqukayo.

Umlando wemvelaphi nentuthuko

Umlando womtshingo uhlehlela emuva cishe eminyakeni engama-45. Umanduleli womtshingo nguye ohlaba ikhwelo. Leli igama elinikezwe amashubhu asendulo anezimbobo ezimbili - okuhogela umoya nokuphuma kwawo. Ukuvela komtshingo kuhlotshaniswa nokuqala kokuvela kwemigodi yeminwe.

Izinsalela zomtshingo omdala kakhulu zatholakala e-Slovenia, endaweni yemivubukulo ye-Divye Babe. Iminyaka elinganiselwe yokutholwa yiminyaka engama-43. Kukholakala ukuthi lena ingxenye endala kunazo zonke etholakalayo yensimbi yomculo, futhi ingavela kuqala endaweni yesimanje Slovenia. Izazi eziningi zithi ukusungulwa komtshingo we-Divya Baba kumaNeanderthals. Umcwaningi waseSlovenia uM. Brodar ukholelwa ukuthi okutholakele kwasungulwa amaCro-Magnons angenkathi esekupheleni kwePaleolithic.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-2000, okunye ukuhlukahluka kwasendulo kwatholakala eJalimane eduze ne-Ulm. Inosayizi omncane. Idizayini enezimbobo ezinhlanu ihlanganisa ukusika okumise okuka-Y emlonyeni womdlali. Yenziwe ngamathambo enqe. Kamuva, kwatholakala ama-aerophone amaningi asendulo eJalimane. Kutholwe abaneminyaka engu-42-43 ubudala endaweni engaphansi kweBlaubeuren.

Kutholwe ama-aerophone amaningana emhosheni we-Hole Fels, bude buduze nemidwebo yamadwala. Bekhuluma ngalokhu okutholwe, ososayensi baveza umbono wokuthi “ubonisa ukuba khona kwamasiko omculo ngesikhathi abantu banamuhla bebusa iYurophu.” Ososayensi baphinde bathi ukuthola leli thuluzi kuzosiza ukuchaza umehluko wamasiko nengqondo phakathi kwamaNeanderthal kanye nabantu bakuqala banamuhla.

Umtshingo wethambo owawugcine ukudlala kwawo watholwa ethuneni laseXiahu eHenan, eChina. Kanye naye kwakukhona amanye amakhophi angu-29 aphukile anomehluko omncane wesakhiwo. Ubudala - iminyaka engu-9. Inombolo yezimbobo zeminwe 000-5.

Umtshingo omdala wamaShayina owasinda watholakala ethuneni leNkosana uYi. AmaShayina abiza ngokuthi "chi". Kungenzeka ukuthi yasungulwa ngo-433 BC, ngesikhathi seZhou Dynasty engasekho. Umzimba owenziwe ngoqalo olacquered. Kukhona ama-cutouts ama-5 ohlangothini. U-Chi ushiwo emibhalweni kaConfucius.

Irekhodi elidala elibhaliwe lensimbi yomoya lihlehlela emuva ku-2600-2700 BC. Ubunikazi bubhekiswe kubantu baseSumerian. Izinsimbi zomoya nazo zishiwo kuthebhulethi esanda kuhunyushwa enenkondlo emayelana noGilPlaysh. Inkondlo eyingqophamlando yabhalwa phakathi kuka-2100-600 BC.

Phakathi kwamaqiniso athakazelisayo: izibhebhe eziningi zaseSumeri ezaziwa ngokuthi "imibhalo yomculo" zahunyushwa. Amathebula aqukethe imiyalelo yokulungisa kahle izikali zezinsimbi zomculo. Esinye sezikali sibizwa ngokuthi “embubum”, okusho ukuthi “umtshingo” ngesi-Akkadian.

Imitshingo ithatha indawo ebalulekile emasikweni nasezinganekwaneni zamaNdiya. Imibhalo yamaNdiya yekhulu le-16 BC iqukethe izinkomba eziningi zokuhlukahluka. Izazi-mlando zomculo zikholelwa ukuthi i-India iyindawo yokuzalwa yenguqulo yesiphambano.

Umtshingo we-longitudinal wavela endaweni ye-Egypt yesimanje cishe ngo-3000 BC. Njengamanje, isaqhubeka iyinsimbi yomoya eyinhloko emazweni amaSulumane aseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, umtshingo oguquguqukayo waduma eYurophu, osadumile nanamuhla. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, izibonelo ze-longitudinal zafika eYurophu.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umqambi waseFrance uJacques Otteter wathuthukisa ukwakheka kwensimbi. Izimbobo zeminwe zazifakwe ama-valve. Umphumela uwukumbozwa kobubanzi obugcwele bomsindo wechromatic. Ukwakhiwa kwedizayini entsha kuholele ekufipheleni kokuduma kwerekhoda longitudinal. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umtshingo obuyekeziwe uthathe indima ebalulekile ku-orchestra. I-orchestra ye-symphony ngaphandle kwaleli thuluzi yaqala ukubhekwa njengephansi.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uTheobald Böhm wenza izinguquko ezinkulu ekwakhiweni. Umdwebi wahlela izimbobo ngokuvumelana nezimiso ze-acoustic, wanezela izindandatho nama-valve, wafaka isiteshi se-cylindrical cross-sectional. Inguqulo entsha yenziwe ngesiliva, okwenza ibukeke ibiza kakhulu. Kusukela lapho, ithuluzi alizange lithole izinguquko ezinkulu ekuklanyweni.

Abadlali bemitshingo abaphawulekayo

Omunye wabadlali bomtshingo besimanje abadumile uNicola Mazzanti wase-Italy. Waqopha ama-albhamu amaningana anikezelwe ngokuphelele kumtshingo we-piccollo. Ushicilela nezincwadi zokuthi idlalwa kanjani i-piccollo.

Umtshingo weSoviet u-Nikolai Platonov waklonyeliswa ngesihloko esithi Umculi Ohlonishwayo we-RSFSR. Izingoma zakhe ezidumile ziyi-opera ethi "Lieutenant Schmidt", "Overture for Symphony Orchestra", "12 Etudes for Solo".

Umculi waseMelika uLizzo, owenza enye i-hip-hop, usebenzisa umtshingo ngenkuthalo ezingomeni zakhe. Ngo-2020, uLizzo uthole indondo ye-Grammy ye-Best Urban Contemporary Music Album.

Emculweni we-rock, iqembu uJethro Tull laba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa umtshingo. Insimbi idlalwa isihlabani seqembu u-Ian Anderson.