I-Viola - Ithuluzi Lomculo

Uma uthi nhlá, umlaleli ongaqaphile angadida kalula leli thuluzi lezintambo ezigobile nge- i-violin. Ngempela, ngaphandle kobukhulu, zifana ngaphandle. Kodwa umuntu kufanele alalele kuphela i-timbre yayo - umehluko ubonakala ngokushesha, isifuba futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umsindo omnene ngokumangalisayo futhi ozwakala kancane ufana ne-contralto - ethambile futhi ecacile.

Uma ucabanga ngezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo, i-viola ivamise ukukhohlwa ngokuvuna izakwabo ezincane noma ezinkulu, kodwa i-timbre ecebile nomlando othakazelisayo kuyenza ibukeke iseduze. UViola uyinsimbi yesazi sefilosofi, ngaphandle kokudonsa ukunaka, wazinza ngokuzithoba ku-orchestra phakathi kwe-violin ne-cello.

Funda umlando we viola kanye namaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngale nsimbi yomculo ekhasini lethu.

Viola Umsindo

I-Languid, igagu, ihloniphekile, i-velvety, izwela, inamandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imboziwe - le yindlela ongayichaza ngayo i-timbre ehlukahlukene ye-viola. Umsindo wayo ungase ungavezi futhi ugqame njengalowo we-a i-violin, kodwa ukufudumala nokuthamba kakhulu.

Umbala we-timbre omibalabala uwumphumela womsindo ohlukahlukene weyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye yensimbi. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu “C” enezwi eliphansi kakhulu ine-timbre enamandla, ezwakalayo, ecebile engadlulisa umuzwa wokubikezela kusengaphambili futhi ivuse imizwa yokudangala nokudangala. Futhi "la" engenhla, ngokuphambene kakhulu nezinye izintambo, inomlingiswa wayo ngamunye: i-soulful kanye ne-ascetic.

Abaqambi abaningi abavelele basebenzise ngokomfanekiso umsindo we-viola: ku-overture "1812" ngo. UPI Tchaikovsky - ingoma yesonto; kwe I-opera ethi "The Queen of Spades" - ukucula kwezindela endaweni yesi-5, lapho uHerman enikezwa umngcwabo; phakathi DD Shostakovich 's symphony "1905" - iculo leculo elithi "You fell a victim."

Viola Photo:

Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo mayelana ne-viola

• Abaqambi abakhulu njenge NGU-Bach , VA Mozart , LV Beethoven , A. Dvorak , B. Britten, P. Hindemith babedlala i-viola.
• U-Andrea Amati wayengumenzi wevayolini odume kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, kwathi ngo-1565 iNkosi uCharles IX yaseFrance yamyala ukuba enze izinsimbi zomculo ezingama-38 (ama-violin, ama-viola nama-cellos) abaculi basesigodlweni sasebukhosini. Iningi laleyo misebenzi yobuciko yacekelwa phansi ngesikhathi seNguquko YaseFrance, kodwa i-viola eyodwa isekhona futhi ingabonwa e-Ashmolean Museum e-Oxford. Kukhudlwana, ubude bomzimba buyi-47 cm.
• Enye i-viola ephawulekayo, emzimbeni wayo eyayifanekiselwa isiphambano, yenziwa amadodana ka-Amati. Insimbi bekungeye-violist edumile u-LA Bianchi.
• I-Violas neminsalo eyenziwe ongcweti abadumile ayivelakancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke i-viola eyenziwe ngu-A. Stradivari noma u-A. Guarneri ibiza kakhulu kunamavayolini ongcweti abafanayo.
• Ama-violin amaningi avelele afana nalawa: Niccolo Paganini , David Oistrakh, Nigel Kennedy, Maxim Vengerov, Yehudi Menuhin bahlanganiswe ngokuphelele futhi basahlanganisa ukudlala i-viola nokudlala ivayolini.
• Ngawo-1960, iqembu le-rock laseMelika i-The Velvet Underground, iqembu le-rock lesiNgisi elithi The Who, futhi namuhla u-Van Morrison, amaqembu e-rock i-Goo Goo Dolls, kanye ne-Vampire Weekend bonke babonisa i-viola ngokugqamile ezinhlelweni zabo. izingoma nama-albhamu.
• Amagama ensimbi ngezilimi ezahlukene ayathakazelisa: isiFulentshi - alto; IsiNtaliyane nesiNgisi - i-viola; isiFinnish – alttoviulu; IsiJalimane - i-bratsche.
• Yu. I-Bashmet yaqashelwa njengomdlali we-violist ongcono kakhulu wesikhathi sethu. Iminyaka engu-230, ungowokuqala owavunyelwa ukudlala insimbi ye-VA Mozart eSalzburg. Lo mculi onethalente empeleni udlale kabusha yonke ingoma ebhalelwe i-viola - cishe izingcezu zomculo ezingama-200, ezingama-40 zazo zaqanjwa futhi zanikezelwa kuye ngabaqambi besikhathi samanje.

• U-Yuri Bashmet usadlala i-viola, ayithenga ngama-ruble angu-1,500 1972 ngo-200. Le nsizwa yenza imali kuma-disco idlala izingoma ezivela ku-repertoire yamaBeatles ngesiginci. Insimbi ineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1758 ubudala futhi yenziwa ingcweti yase-Italy uPaolo Tastore ngo-XNUMX.
• Iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-violist lalihlanganisa abadlali abangu-321 futhi lahlanganiswa yi-Portuguese Violists Association e-Suggia Concert Hall e-Porto, e-Portugal ngoMashi 19, 2011.
• Abahlukumezi bangabalingisi abadume kakhulu kuma-anecdotes we-orchestra namahlaya.

Imisebenzi edumile ye-viola:

U-VA Mozart: I-Concertante Symphony ye-Violin, i-Viola ne-Orchestra (lalela)

Isidlali Somsindo A. I-Vietan - Sonata ye-viola nepiyano (lalela)

A. Schnittke – Concerto for viola and orchestra (lalela)

Ukwakhiwa kweViola

Ngaphandle, i-viola ifana kakhulu ne- i-violin, umehluko kuphela ukuthi inkulu kancane ngosayizi kunevayolini.

I-viola iqukethe izingxenye ezifanayo ne-violin: amadekhi amabili - phezulu nangaphansi, izinhlangothi, i-fretboard, amadevu, i-stand, i-fingerboard, i-darling nezinye - ingqikithi yezinto ezingu-70. I-soundboard ephezulu inezimbobo zomsindo ezifanayo njenge-violin, ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi "efs". Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-viola, kusetshenziswa kuphela amasampula amahle kakhulu okhuni olugugile kahle, ane-varnished, enziwe ngamakhosi ngokusho kokupheka kwawo okuyingqayizivele.

Ubude bomzimba we-viola buhluka kusuka ku-350 kuya ku-430 mm. Ubude bomnsalo buyi-74 cm futhi bunzima kakhulu kune-violin.

I-viola inezintambo ezine ezishunwa ngaphansi kwesihlanu kunezintambo ze-violin.

Ubukhulu be-viola abuhambisani nokwakheka kwayo, ngenxa yalokhu ubude obuphelele bomzimba wensimbi kufanele okungenani bube ngu-540 mm, futhi empeleni bube ngu-430 mm kuphela bese bukhulu kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, i-viola incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokushunwa kwayo - lesi yisizathu somsindo wayo obabazekayo nomsindo ohlukile.

 I-viola ayinayo into "egcwele" futhi ingahluka ngosayizi ukusuka "okukhudlwana kunevayolini" kuye kuma-viola amakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-viola enkulu, umsindo wayo ugcwala kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umculi ukhetha insimbi ekulungele ukuyidlala, konke kuncike ekwakhiweni komculi, ubude bezingalo zakhe nobukhulu besandla.

Namuhla, i-viola isiba ithuluzi eliqashelwa ngokwandayo. Abakhiqizi bayaqhubeka nokuhlola izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuze bakhulise izimfanelo zayo eziyingqayizivele ze-sonic futhi bakhe ezintsha. Isibonelo, i-viola kagesi ayinawo umzimba we-acoustic, ngoba asikho isidingo, ngoba umsindo uvela ngosizo lwama-amplifiers nama-microphone.

Isicelo kanye repertoire

I-viola isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-orchestra ye-symphony futhi, njengomthetho, ihlanganisa izinsimbi eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-10. Ngaphambili, i-viola yayibizwa ngokungafanele ngokuthi "Cinderella" we-orchestra, ngoba naphezu kokuthi le nsimbi ine-timbre ecebile nomsindo omuhle, ayizange ithole ukuqashelwa okuningi.

I-timbre ye-viola ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nomsindo wezinye izinsimbi, njenge-violin, i-cello, ihabhu, oboe, uphondo - konke okuyingxenye ye-orchestra yegumbi. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi i-viola ithatha indawo ebalulekile ku-quartet yezintambo, kanye nama-violin amabili kanye ne-cello.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-viola isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni nasekuculweni kwe-orchestra, futhi ithola ukuthandwa njengensimbi eyedwa. Abokuqala ukuletha insimbi esiteji esikhulu kwaba abaphuli bomculo abangamaNgisi uL. Tertis noW. Primrose.

Futhi akunakwenzeka ukungasho amagama abadlali abavelele njengo-Y. Bashmet, V. Bakaleinikov, S. Kacharyan, T. Zimmerman, M. Ivanov, Y. Kramarov, M. Rysanov, F. Druzhinin, K. Kashkashyan, D. Shebalin, U Primrose, R. Barshai nabanye.

Ilabhulali yomculo we-viola, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinsimbi, ayinkulu kakhulu, kodwa muva nje izingoma zayo eziningi ziye zaphuma ngaphansi kwepeni labaqambi. Nali uhlu oluncane lwemisebenzi eyedwa eyabhalelwa i-viola: amakhonsathi ngu-B. Bartok , P. Hindemith, W. Walton, E. Denisov, A. Schnittke , D. Milhaud, E. Kreutz, K. Penderetsky; i-sonatas ngu-M. Glinka , D. Shostakovich, I. Brahms, N. Roslavets, R. Schumann, A. Hovaness, I. David, B. Zimmerman, H. Henz.

Amasu okudlala i-Viola

Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi kufanele wenzeni? I-Его большой корпус плюс длина грифа требуют от музыканта немалую силу и ловкость, ведь исполнение на этом инструменте словые. Из-за больших размеров альта техника игры, по сравнению со скрипкой, несколько ограничена. Позиции на грифе располагаются дальше, что требует большой растяжки пальцев левой руки у исполнителя.

Indlela eyinhloko yokukhipha umsindo ku-viola "i-arco" - ukuhambisa umnsalo eduze kwezintambo. I-Pizzicato, i-col lego, i-martle, imininingwane, i-legato, i-staccato, i-spiccato, i-tremolo, i-portamento, i-ricochet, i-harmonics, ukusetshenziswa kwezimungulu nezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa abadlali be-violin nazo zingaphansi kwabadlali be-violin, kodwa zidinga ikhono elithile kumculi. Elinye iqiniso kufanele linakwe: abahlukumezi, ukuze kube lula ukubhala nokufunda amanothi, bane-clef yabo - alto, nokho, kufanele bakwazi ukufunda amanothi ku-treble clef. Lokhu kubangela ubunzima obuthile kanye nokuphazamiseka lapho udlala eshidini.

Ukufundisa i-viola ebuntwaneni akunakwenzeka, njengoba ithuluzi likhulu. Baqala ukufunda kuso emakilasini okugcina esikoleni somculo noma ngonyaka wokuqala wesikole somculo.

Umlando we-viola

Umlando we-viola kanye nalokho okuthiwa umndeni we-violin uhlobene eduze. Esikhathini esidlule somculo we-classic, i-viola, nakuba yayinganakiwe ezicini eziningi, yayidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

Kusukela emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo yeNkathi Ephakathi, sifunda ukuthi i-India kwakuyindawo yokuzalwa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ezikhotheme. Amathuluzi ahamba nabahwebi emazweni amaningi omhlaba, aqala ukufika kumaPheresiya, ama-Arabhu, abantu baseNyakatho Afrika kwase kuba ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX eYurophu. 

Umndeni we-violin we-viola wavela futhi waqala ukukhula cishe ngo-1500 e-Italy kusukela ezinsimbini zangaphambili ezikhotheme. Ukuma kwe-viola, njengoba besho namuhla, akuzange kusungulwe, kwaba umphumela wokuvela kwezinsimbi zangaphambilini kanye nokuhlolwa kwamakhosi ahlukene ukuze kuzuzwe imodeli efanelekile. 

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-viola yandulela i-violin. Impikiswano eqinile esekela le thiyori iqukethwe egameni lethuluzi. I-viola yokuqala, bese kuba i-viol + ino - i-alto encane, i-soprano alto, i-viol + eyodwa - i-alto enkulu, i-bass alto, i-viol + ku-cello (encane kune-violone) - i-bass alto encane. Lokhu kunengqondo, Indlela eyodwa noma enye, kodwa abokuqala abenza izinsimbi ze-violin babengabaphathi base-Italy abavela eCremona - u-Andrea Amati noGasparo da Solo, futhi babaletha ekupheleleni, ngokunembile nangefomu lamanje, u-Antonio Stradivari no-Andrea Guarneri. Izinsimbi zalezi zingcweti zisekhona nanamuhla futhi zisaqhubeka nokujabulisa abalaleli ngomsindo wazo. Idizayini ye-viola ayizange ishintshe kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, ngakho-ke ukubukeka kwensimbi esijwayelene nayo kufana namakhulu eminyaka edlule.

Izingcweti zase-Italy zenza ama-viola amakhulu azwakala emangalisa. Kodwa kwakukhona indida: abaculi bashiya ama-viola amakhulu futhi bazikhethela izinsimbi ezincane - kwakulula kakhulu ukuzidlala. Abaphathi, begcwalisa imiyalo yabadlali, baqala ukwenza ama-violas, ayemakhudlwana ngosayizi kune-violin futhi ayengaphansi ngobuhle bomsindo kumathuluzi angaphambili.

I-viola iyithuluzi elimangalisayo. Phakathi neminyaka yokuba khona kwayo, wayesakwazi ukuguqula "i-orchestral Cinderella" engacacile ibe yindodakazi yenkosi futhi akhuphukele ezingeni elifanayo "nendlovukazi yesiteji" - i-violin. Abahlukumezi abadumile, sebephule yonke imibono, bafakazele umhlaba wonke ukuthi lihle futhi lidume kangakanani leli thuluzi, kanye nomqambi. K. Gluck wabeka isisekelo salokhu , ephathisa iculo eliyinhloko ku-opera ethi "Alceste" ku-viola.

I-Viola FAQ

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-violin ne-alt?

Womabili la mathuluzi awuchungechunge, kodwa i-Alt izwakala kurejista ephansi. Womabili amathuluzi anesakhiwo esifanayo: kukhona inqe kanye nekesi, izintambo ezine. Nokho, i-alt inkulu kunevayolini ngosayizi. Indawo yayo ingaba ngu-445 mm ubude, futhi inqe yase-Alta yinde kune-violin.

Yini enzima kakhulu ukudlala i-viola noma i-violin?

Kukholakala ukuthi kulula ukudlala ku-Alt (viola) kunase-violin, futhi kuze kube muva nje, i-ALT ibingabhekwa njengethuluzi eliyedwa.

Uthini umsindo we-Viola?

Izintambo ze-Viola zilungiswa kuma-quints angaphansi kwe-violin naku-octave ngaphezu kwe-cello - C, G, D1, A1 (kuya, Usawoti We-Oktava Encane, Re, La First Oktava). Ibanga elivame kakhulu lisuka ku-C (kuya ku-octave encane) ukuya ku-E3 (i-octave yami yesithathu), imisindo ephakeme itholakala emisebenzini eyedwa.