I-Heterophony

kusukela ku-eteros yesiGreki - ehlukile kanye ne-ponn - umsindo

Uhlobo lwe-polyphony eyenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela (izwi, izinsimbi noma okuxubile) komculo, uma kokukodwa noma eziningana. amazwi achezuka kushuni oyinhloko.

Igama elithi "G". lase lisetshenziswa kakade amaGreki asendulo (uPlato, Imithetho, VII, 12), kodwa incazelo eyanikezwa ngaleso sikhathi ayizange isungulwe ngokunembile. Ngemva kwalokho, igama elithi "G". ayizange isetshenziswe futhi yavuselelwa kuphela ngo-1901. usosayensi uK. Stumpf, owayisebenzisa encazelweni eboniswe ngenhla.

Ukuchezuka emculweni oyinhloko ku-G. kunqunywa imvelo. enze umehluko. amakhono abantu. amazwi nezinsimbi zomculo, kanye nomcabango wabadlali. Lokhu kuvamile kuma-bunks amaningi. umculo izimpande zamasiko polyphony. Ezingomeni zesintu ezithuthukisiwe kanye ne-instr. amasiko asekelwe ku-nat. umehluko, izinhlobo ezingavamile zokuba khona kwama-bunks. ubuciko bomculo kanye nezici zabadlali kuthuthukiswe ubuhle. izinkambiso, amasiko wendawo, ukubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene kwesimiso esiyisisekelo kwavela - inhlanganisela kanyekanye yokubola. izinhlobo ezahlukene zengoma efanayo. Emasikweni anjalo ayabonakala futhi ahlukene. iziqondiso zokuthuthukiswa kwe-heterophonic polyphony. Kwezinye, i-ornamental predominates, kwezinye - i-harmonic, kwabanye - i-polyphonic. ukuhluka komculo. Ukuthuthukiswa Rus. i-polyphony yezingoma zomdabu, eyaholela ekwakhiweni kwendawo yokugcina impahla yokuqala - i-sub-vocal polyphony.

Nakuba zingekho izikhumbuzo ezilotshiwe ezinokwethenjelwa ezibonisa umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-G., iminonjana yemvelaphi ye-heterophonic ye-Nar. i-polyphony, ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane, ilondolozwe yonke indawo. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa yiwo womabili amasampula e-polyphony yasendulo nama-bunks asendulo. izingoma zamazwe aseNtshonalanga. I-Europe:

Isampula ye-organum evela encwadini ethi "Musica enchiriadis" eshiwo ngu-Huqbald. (“Umhlahlandlela Womculo”).

Ingoma yokudansa yekhulu le-13. Kusuka eqoqweni lika-XI Moser “Tцnende Altertmer”.

Ingoma yomdabu yaseLithuania ethi “Aust ausrelй, tek saulelй” (“Ukusa kumatasatasa, ilanga liyaphuma”). Kusukela encwadini kaJ. Čiurlionite "Lithuanian Folk Song Creation". 1966.

Emasampula amaningana, uNar. polyphony Western-European. amazwe lapho, ngokuvamile, iminonjana G. iqhathaniswa namaSlav. nasempumalanga. amasiko amancane, inhlanganisela yokuthuthukisa nendlela yokukhuluma ekhethwe ngokwenza, ikakhulukazi leyo enqunywe umnyango. izizwe zibheke phezulu, ngesimo sengqondo esimisiwe mayelana ne-dissonance kanye nongwaqa. Emasikweni amaningi abonakala ngeziphetho ezihlangene (i-octave), ukunyakaza kwamazwi ahambisanayo (ingxenye yesithathu, yesine, neyesihlanu), ukubusa kokuvumelanisa ekubizeni amagama.

Ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia "u-Ivan wehla". Kusuka eqoqweni elithi "Russian Folk Songs of Pomorie". Ihlanganiswe ngu-SN Kondratiev. 1966.

Umgomo we-heterophonic uyabonakala futhi kumasiko anjalo we-polyphonic folk-song, lapho amazwi amabili namathathu afinyelele i-polyphony enkulu. Enqubweni yokubulawa, ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu ngalinye kuvame ukubonwa, ngezikhathi ezithile kudala ukwanda kwenani lamavoti.

Okokuhlobisa “umbala” osn. imiculo in instr. Ukuhambisana kuyisici sika-G. wabantu base-Arab eNyakatho. Afrika. Ukuchezuka emculweni oyinhloko (ngokuhambisana namahlumela ahlukene e-polyphony) okuvela ekusebenzeni komculo pl. izinsimbi zomculo, ngayinye eshintsha umculo ngokuhambisana nendlela yayo yokusebenza eyisici kanye nezimiso zobuhle ezingaguquki, zakha isisekelo somculo wegeyimu e-Indonesia (bona isibonelo samanothi).

Ingcaphuno yomculo we-gamelan. Kusukela encwadini kaR. Batka ethi "Geschichte der Musik".

Ucwaningo luyehluka. nar. amasiko omculo nokufunda ngokucophelela nokusetshenziswa kobuciko abaqambi bamasampuli we-nar. ubuciko, kuhlanganise namasiko e-polyphony, kuholele ekuthuthukisweni komculo wabo ngezinhlobo ze-heterophonic zobudlelwano bezwi. Amasampula e-polyphony enjalo atholakala eNtshonalanga Yurophu. kanye nezakudala zaseRussia, abaqambi besimanje baseSoviet nabangaphandle.

References: Melgunov Yu., izingoma zesiRashiya, eziqoshwe ngokuqondile ngamazwi abantu, vol. 1-2, M. – St. Petersburg, 1879-85; I-Skrebkov S., ukuhlaziywa kwe-Polyphonic, M., 1940; Tyulin. Yu., On the Origin and Development of Harmony Emculweni Wesintu, kokuthi: Essays on Theoretical Musicology, ed. Yu. Tyulin kanye no-A. Butsky. L., 1959; I-Bershadskaya T., Amaphethini ayinhloko wokuqamba we-polyphony yengoma yabalimi baseRussia, L., 1961; UGrigoriev S. no-Mueller T., Incwadi ye-polyphony, M., 1961.

TF Müller